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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, C( x; Y! w8 w! K3 S9 Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical h& A3 A5 }' A% {& [$ S$ f
Exposure to Testosterone( s, g. c, |' p3 H! ]
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: F( F; r0 d* p7 o/ g
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 d4 d/ I" y4 U: ^1 w/ o. _- f( e
Clinical Pediatrics1 z& l- ]8 ^* ~6 l2 D2 y! E
Volume 46 Number 6) s8 Y. e% C2 w3 z4 b: M+ R
July 2007 540-543
5 A* s. Y& s$ X2 z© 2007 Sage Publications
7 v+ T1 ]* }. N10.1177/0009922806296651
! T' q T( a! h# g$ Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com
% N3 i( N1 ]9 @7 L; K; Z2 D! [* ^hosted at$ y5 @, O$ T9 p8 z
http://online.sagepub.com
7 ]8 ]' J$ p; f/ d' UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' m: p+ i0 h. v* \& Q7 u Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ k, X5 u2 v0 f- s; Z' Zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ J; e8 X" ], X9 `, m) V" n
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" n# n! ^- Z) i9 ]& J. J1 M, qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 I! K! w2 `- V; A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( v: N4 B$ N Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' `/ V, u# S/ M! W! a1 p0 O+ e0 f2 whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 s( z7 a+ R% [, w
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 _& l2 E5 R* |3 a: f, i1 jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; r. w) S6 l0 a1 P9 Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 N8 L: q4 x$ G l" h* Gment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 d# T, G/ o, y4 a) wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ ?6 v+ C2 S) gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-( N$ X8 m. H( T0 l/ h T
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 ?+ H8 D* t& R5 e2 Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 B6 f" c9 G2 f: m, z, l% Stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( v& L6 w! b. {" p q) U) e& K
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ U# l7 L9 D1 o, P! s
literature.44 o8 S$ g- A2 L7 R( k( E
Patient Report
( ]9 p8 i# R ~7 R" A- p, n9 PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 ?& }! Z' s) F+ [% K+ B4 k. y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' f& ]" \2 x1 w- a3 E: ^; _7 c2 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed. q% @1 c4 L( @, f0 n/ H; ?
light colored pubic hair development when he was- n% i$ k" \1 e* z9 o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 z7 m2 @+ G0 ?$ z1 q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# b8 {6 o& ]; tAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- K. o& i3 \* d& ~: j
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ B3 o7 k; \3 EMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 e g" E6 E8 n+ m A$ Ve-mail: [email protected].
, L X* N3 o/ Wabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! h6 F3 y4 m b4 S: ?darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 v6 J8 V8 W- J1 f! O! gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 H0 a, o( e+ w3 }
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ U/ |. }. b$ ?a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* M* J+ K# ~. P
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 W* ^7 x; c2 t9 B8 O0 t
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 B9 G1 l( J3 L$ B3 F
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& B9 X2 i8 Z) E( k" f5 _/ Y
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 w. r; B- B6 twas age appropriate.
* D& J4 |6 l2 K. eThe family history was remarkable for the father," p0 ?+ }6 A: G/ x- g
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 N' \. h, i$ i: C: |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, J) [5 H: A. z! u- ?0 l9 g7 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! G7 ]* Q+ m1 f) _
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 ?4 Q+ S# z. ?( N e+ ]The father denied taking any other medication. The# x* x' P$ r3 P% c
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! [7 e2 `/ i6 u1 i
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! ?. }% ?" T- b8 e: `5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 G H6 W) O2 t) P1 u# Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-# ^- ?! o8 d1 t. `# Q
tives. There were no siblings.* r3 E- X% w* W; M1 i& s
Physical Examination
5 Q- c3 O5 V& {% }. f6 C! L6 kThe physical examination revealed a very active,' K2 X' J$ A+ g$ G
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# U7 w- a& K9 m! t2 m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 W6 V' u8 d6 K0 L) D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 _( D& X3 s1 ]5 A, @- i- S7 q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth' u- I y( s6 b. U
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 P$ B4 o0 ]. N/ `
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 E' w$ |! o& I1 j$ f5 \/ Q- _
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, \1 v9 }( t: O! Q1 `$ v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ _( x" U a0 w4 Q B' w' e
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 f, G5 r2 ?6 P' x7 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
V9 g! y5 q [2 h1 _540% @. ^' t3 w9 y4 ]3 O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; l; y, |+ F% X0 |8 g) _3 Xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 E6 g0 Z0 _& m/ d7 ~$ `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& t& D4 \* ~! r
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% P7 Q8 P9 ^& h' ~* ^& b
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# @! s9 ^: h$ ~6 O- a2 Rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots. C ?# G, L& S6 W, u$ W
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+0 f' T. A# m: ]) I, ?1 v9 N/ }
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 H7 h' t. p( h P$ K/ j
of papilledema.' w6 a6 E& z% }7 W: [
Laboratory Evaluation
5 z- V" q- o4 i$ zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* v. G" k2 B8 D% S3 W) yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 b; K% b" f2 O) j3 t2 `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
V; u8 @+ F8 y4 T9 Kkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 {2 ]+ C2 j3 J( u* C
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ J; G+ o1 @- H, ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- Y: q1 X Y- |, n) oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ I k8 ]& f' i+ ]2 Z0 Z
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 N$ v9 p; d- [0 c. u
within normal range for his age. The concentration
$ }% w+ P k; K8 g9 ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* U! q1 x: o3 Y) m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 Y$ e+ R7 q }+ O# ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& y4 V6 l# {$ d/ nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ V1 X4 ~8 Y; R; q1 mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; H* K+ r$ D. z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% |* ^" B# ?5 K* k# F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-, { p. G; y! _ V- E0 d* }
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! m9 T7 c' U2 v) T0 rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( X: `) E/ d" f* b* `4 Tand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 {4 m ?; `& f
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 O% T+ I* V: l5 Mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 n: }! x4 |8 e; N U: rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 U; u7 P: `7 q
(prepubertal).8 T, O2 V% m3 r4 m" ]- Z( G
The parents were notified about the laboratory' c; E, Y! ~1 N8 P
results and were informed that all of the tests were
A5 S& s! @) hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The$ C1 b: m- t* H. N" \
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 w x# c& Q C" t# Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( k& M; [: w$ Q* t8 |* v: l7 L
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: {- c8 I7 h& P: jPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
. |% R3 [, o" w5 s( h* E* Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 ]# S R! g+ ~) O8 z
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 M5 h j5 e( p, M) C* O- uunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# ]7 a5 t$ X, i5 m5 Q, X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 f& J. p6 j' \; W: D$ Lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 D2 @& u) w' f8 H" q8 Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" W& | B4 q9 `The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 j/ W, b0 A. V4 p7 H8 `0 Y. n
ing frequent erections.$ E8 X" y+ f+ n. J" b! Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
' F) B; S4 F* \- l5 gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% P" v" S2 k. r: E0 R& g0 U! `# A( Bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ }0 m, l2 N, Y# T
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) R2 q2 m, g( K/ O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! d- L. v% _# [3 l; ~! W. Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& [/ Q8 G; Y* a8 q. M& f: ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( o3 Z4 {8 @5 z/ X5 F: y6 y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 D) t9 u) v5 a hscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 P$ C6 i; a# D6 ?secondary to depression.% b \/ X9 C5 n# I; M4 Q2 E @! o
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 l, F' e( H1 n j3 P5 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 Z+ U" P# R2 P0 V" I; \( u+ ~ fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 G5 Z* Z4 q* d9 O" n q& |4 v& cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 i' X; `: r% V" q; s
The father also admitted that after the phone call,2 {& U0 S+ _: w: p" t" ?
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 I* H: }/ r swas high, he then read the product information2 @; R+ W2 T+ d9 s5 o4 @
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-$ L5 q# w/ H/ h: @, \& S: u8 [
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: o5 q! l4 X! _/ a( o Vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 ?, R$ o) f7 Lfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: B) B0 n' i3 d* _/ _8 A+ |been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ T* Q6 z2 T9 x7 Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 X6 L- [2 B3 e7 Llaboratory to obtain the test.& L5 E0 u$ ^1 W+ X% v
Discussion- J6 {$ R6 a1 l5 N. W* R7 \) C
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 I4 ~$ ^& p4 q" ^6 `1 t: o. Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
L/ C2 r' h0 rPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ `1 Y# N0 s2 k5 b& M# a( Y( mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* q5 F% `( K! _5 R* Q1 W- {, B9 Qthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
R% B- S F, V; H& [/ Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: K- d5 n, h3 _5 mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is* Z0 p3 [! V- n5 ?
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, Y: u; B6 |+ u+ ~
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 E! i' D5 u1 |. o5 y, _$ lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ k- O4 n+ n, A" ]: l* w& P$ `
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" ?# ]' A$ z; ]& r7 M# F) F1 |
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: X" l, E6 e; \' L
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by+ W6 U, \9 H2 V+ G& _* ~
gonadotropins.1,3
! b4 G3 _* U8 e; p. g/ y9 O+ uGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- p5 r1 B6 V F
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& J' E; n8 H* p/ k6 ]; Q2 q; {2 s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" H* q5 C; e& r. [4 B
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. G2 }! k5 _4 o0 s' k7 d! @2 `5 I
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 ]& h+ H# X/ S% }8 v9 |0 f7 ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' |- B" }; ]5 o- e; ?- _6 O% ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 e. ^" W( {& u; q" Tpuberty in boys.3,4
6 d0 G/ W2 j( }6 y* e P; bThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, ?* x, ~$ [4 z$ F$ _/ k) ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.+ r# O( _9 G( M& w3 h# W
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 M$ j) _2 }5 U8 i2 A
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% w5 t0 O5 R' F6 o% G J
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 m6 t: k, B k
excess.1,3 @7 h* ?, S, ]9 p8 v. ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# T. N0 i/ K) X* w4 y Q
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007, D1 a( p! c Y6 x
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! y7 V/ F* j6 X9 Q3 d. J
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. |, z3 l' R) ]6 \: x, u
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. ^6 A( E0 h8 C: ]6 x$ E
very young age. The physical findings in these boys3 y( h @4 ]( x0 l) L! k9 [
with this disorder are full pubertal development,: c/ \$ L. i( R) b" c5 g* W# Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; S0 e& l9 Y l5 w% b& H' }+ Pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) f0 O7 g0 |& F) x% D: H8 ^are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 r5 O$ T- k; w& u9 _, Q2 q& g
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ h) S$ W, U3 _5 p: p
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 O8 ~4 _5 }0 [3 _. M C3 c/ ^autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! ?" K& ^* r0 A/ l
males; therefore, other male members of the family& b P& f, A, _2 U/ I
may have similar precocious puberty.3/ f% K& z# v) K, f p8 _( Y' K6 D4 K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-) L1 B: C) v, y! a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: u1 R" S7 L" a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: ]7 J7 i/ k& e# a9 o" Xwas in the differential diagnosis because his father* ?- L: ?4 |/ |$ L
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ v1 X3 T* ]* L3 z u
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ d. x; R# p% O6 N0 \) hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. b" v0 r3 H1 s1 Q% x
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 k+ e2 O( d; T' ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 ~; L0 z) J2 P, j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 q5 f! _. F1 ]- d- {6 J; C8 cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
3 Q: D' t) k ?, fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: |7 i% f! G' g' E6 K" I `The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ S: Q6 m5 B( j/ p% U: Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 c c) F' q" ]
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" v/ G- o1 b, |! H0 o: @4 D) spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: S( T+ B7 i% i* U6 k
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
4 @9 Q9 d4 K9 T5 a0 rterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 Q' N1 F0 p% U& `4 Z) e% P/ Busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; S y0 b$ q4 D! }' QDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# l. m3 D: U2 o. G- K
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: w1 A% n }+ Q. w2 N( O+ G% f2 Dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.# F5 v$ H' ^2 U' F! b# V2 |/ f
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 G. w0 D3 B5 W* c# }- Y
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 @( `# z) M3 u8 G xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& R; m* Q4 d+ V, f% c/ R T4 Kpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 L! \5 n: E; a# Z1 u% ]2 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( |7 i& F/ {$ t* J6 aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, G0 ]1 c" B3 m% c- _9 P0 m% E
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 Q- H, ^) h0 V: Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( w- o# b0 U' l0 u" L l \terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 [" ^6 V1 Q9 h& bactive in young children exposed to testosterone
# W4 `2 |% A0 L& y7 X7 _6 _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 e# S% A; h I( E$ e
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 l$ G. a" h4 \# z I9 B/ q- o% Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 p' h# Y+ T' Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and, M; A7 a* p5 Q! P- y3 w- v4 W$ i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 l# j& J) G- P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 T' E) y. N$ ?# d! s+ C$ m$ Iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 w: ]( r( o: {2 \. fadult height are not fully known and always remain. _3 w1 o$ ^- ~3 p9 H1 ^3 W9 x
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* M+ ~6 I6 t( i: s
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ B: Q+ @+ }! Dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after0 M+ b, w7 Y7 A) ~. x
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 }! v, }0 k F$ Q+ }6 I. w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" l: i" ` ?, g! h4 ?" G6 G( j! |There are conflicting reports and controversy1 A. [* ?' s I) t7 v+ h( T# C7 _
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" U3 Y( p( V" B2 p1 I3 ~( K7 H+ Bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" F1 u; t; `. m# M. F0 y6 zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 V' P. Z% `+ G7 _6 t
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 ^$ [+ g8 H) F' Y8 VSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between" }2 h+ [8 r8 z& @/ D+ ]7 W, E
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" |" @$ C8 P# r. S) L- |
penile length in clinical studies.1 `, T1 a. \* `, U- [4 x+ Y
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% U9 V7 {" ~+ T. q+ R6 y" ~- E( O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
v" L. Y) W* l Y, itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 z4 W. w) }, I0 Othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: W! S$ Z; ^. _7 V8 e4 z+ ^1 ]
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
% F, }& {- W# }' E/ Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 F& w9 y3 L- H4 a: {# gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! e, X3 X' A2 V0 G2 Bheight will not be affected.
' ]4 V1 ~; y$ G. \+ IAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-! B/ i; O6 W0 G
ability of androgen products in our society may% I/ ^" \+ M; s% v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ x6 b0 i. D; N/ D* P* M9 hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" {/ w+ k1 g& Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' ?+ X, S8 t) }* H( X h8 c4 {
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! w: T3 m/ m& S
gel should be asked of the family members during2 @( l. F) q& e$ o0 e; N$ b" s; n
the evaluation of any children who present with vir- _8 h+ Q$ H/ u( @
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. O9 m$ _: P3 w% Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: m7 [" B9 i; T+ {8 Q, Happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ e* H9 U1 [7 }0 K+ Z! N2 Chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 {* u: o. ]4 Q+ S+ |
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ G' u1 v) [! G3 H& v0 {. X+ B9 jinvestigation. The primary care physician should be5 o4 y- U. K( w. _2 g* s
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 Z' A4 ^- r4 t( m: _1 \; d$ N4 Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 M6 N) |6 F6 \ EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a' h3 u7 }8 [- Z) }
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or( ?- X8 g# b" H8 a) W( Z: `! _) Q
female child who might come in contact with some-
' ?- b0 q) R& ?% w$ Cone using any of these products.
+ G, H D6 G0 U6 G9 s4 `' W( xReferences. r, C/ g* d7 w" B; d
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" `$ H" M# n5 s$ G% ~, Q7 f
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric+ P; h, A3 Q" k: Q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& \; R( C% p" w/ I k* r/ I' f
2002: 565-628.
" X% u# H6 Y" d& \, q3 i2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 c2 ]: B) q2 n' P- `
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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