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is a significant concern for physicians. Central! F8 @0 h: y( N0 ^! {* A
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. u4 c' D& A" W4 g/ c6 Bthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" S+ Z" ~* W# W) W) z$ j( ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  [" |# t' n4 F& nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ r8 [6 j$ z% f0 s4 e* @: U& W: kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" ?  h5 R7 j0 l: E+ ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ ]9 x0 }/ A. Q- G0 H( `cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' b+ X0 U" ^# T( o- S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! J2 T# v7 V; xenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 I/ R$ _8 U4 D' |+ n" t, v4 Fment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: J4 Y$ [5 j" u! i; F7 Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  f0 F8 z" {- T) w# ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 a: d2 M: Y# ^  b, @8 A
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; w: Z! I( W; @0 zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 H5 k9 i0 w3 O( n/ E1 \: T9 Otestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. m$ g, g5 S4 i. |bly more common than the rare case report in the: e) M1 C, a2 X: Q9 @' i
literature.4
: g+ W( Z$ j9 @/ l+ @; ?; gPatient Report
, ~2 N3 k: E5 F% O7 b9 wA 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 R. |& Z0 M0 B$ o5 v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 I# E1 a4 d& H( y; z! Z: A4 \. M9 M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
  ?- Q  G( r. E9 u3 slight colored pubic hair development when he was1 K2 h; z" u# C  B# H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% `- J0 c* I0 l* ^South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 }% o  `; v5 m) `6 _6 |3 c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, I2 T9 \# R8 {7 I- S; a6 Z" J+ w4 sProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) [3 z3 [/ e+ K1 F/ w- \
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 X5 G8 L: d* r1 m5 C+ u  ve-mail: [email protected].
, {. j6 Z0 T+ l* k3 Aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; F  \5 H; P% q; @9 J$ E
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 |5 |+ Z# ^. r3 e( g# v' T& ~  Dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# o8 v, E. N  c& @5 q1 B  B7 [( Awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# b  q/ r" ~8 c- ~0 D
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& W1 b8 z6 X$ U7 Q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" B. s* F, b  p2 Bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) L8 W/ @, `& Usolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- L: U4 T, e9 m2 W9 ?, x7 o1 U% T& g
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 y* m- z, s/ p; [; X" A2 B& m% Cwas age appropriate./ U: i4 i, _8 O6 c8 D8 S: z, ^
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ f( e  ]  F4 J9 [& v7 {
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& s5 ]- I" A8 [' }
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- E0 L- m+ Z1 F4 Q: p) t6 T1 sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 i; B0 c8 |& u7 [0 J; L4 t! i
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ T  |, H. X$ K% t
The father denied taking any other medication. The# b# d0 R5 I- q
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& U+ U3 ?+ Z! T) t7 ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% R+ A$ M6 K' e  ?7 i" O2 v5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, h3 f: T5 e( C- j5 E2 mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 C0 e3 x- X. K* I; q! z/ q
tives. There were no siblings.
7 E8 B' I3 x, j8 m! f4 }# a: hPhysical Examination
3 v' p- q# h6 D* A' e  w2 dThe physical examination revealed a very active,2 H4 z( ?  X; u7 \/ }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
. E' ~# U' Q1 D. O: B# M$ N9 qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# L; `' `. G8 K3 N6 k7 r/ @
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 H1 ?  b# U9 U2 z
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ v* }4 E# Q5 ?! ?velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% v9 f9 I( n0 b) H+ ~, b% y8 v+ Athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: P8 J; `. D4 s- c
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 _. m- T2 N  R9 h+ Q: y" t# kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 u* V7 }* H1 C+ t" n
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ m. A- `0 ]$ y( Z5 T; {
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around6 [6 C+ a0 n& v: K+ {4 B# w
540
& v5 h! W6 H  K5 g% ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ s" \% U/ I  a
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. c* T2 O: f0 ?0 _) A! [
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 k' p* }- u2 D6 m( q% YThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat0 C& p6 `% G7 ?, t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ i1 x# m% f' w+ N; [7 Labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
  ?% F  I8 ~2 `% }% G( j: VNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: M9 p2 D8 `. T* kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, }5 h- x8 q  y6 H4 e, N# vof papilledema.# f  N) K0 O8 r6 O+ K0 V; ~
Laboratory Evaluation  y; a; }2 w8 w( I* F' r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( X& V9 v1 M  j
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ X- c5 h" m6 d3 f5 elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& k8 o3 e0 [7 Y- ?1 X' Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 p# W0 {: o, _: ashowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! a+ D3 R. K* ?# xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( n" Y8 a6 M% g- ^- n: X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
, \6 g4 @& ^5 Q* i1 q0 T, [- @5 surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' z* x3 _7 J& _2 F# Vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration( n* W$ N2 l( D/ Y: a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 D& k% |; h8 h3 o2 ?5 e5 ]( ^(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- @7 N- |$ s  y- C1 l6 |ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& J: u" M- f4 C# m* Y/ g" \( I( M1 Wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# V# }- |8 f% O2 ?' ndesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: ?4 m( ~5 W4 y5 ~# E, j2 ]
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). X! b) l: K/ c- v- u- ^1 {2 m$ T
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: H& {1 Q) u$ k6 E% r3 m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total7 G" Z1 s- ~3 l7 i% [4 s2 E" b" N
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 }; h' ?( N5 \. o! Qand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  D) R/ k- n& V) F+ N
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 K0 [0 G4 X# z$ r" P& @stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
0 o/ H# R+ `  R5 J+ O- r1 c( \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 s" f4 ~" e8 r' L5 z(prepubertal).
9 V; G/ x) N0 W6 g- ~The parents were notified about the laboratory! w* q! y" X% i/ ?4 |. c: s
results and were informed that all of the tests were, g$ o& y# }! K) ^! M+ f
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# ~+ i" ?; ^+ X
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- O8 k/ K$ Y- U3 h- C. I; j, Uobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 q9 N% s1 z- R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- z0 A. H8 o  z( p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
% L( g' E  X* d6 j3 Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained9 j! _, ]( `+ D+ P7 L
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# C9 X0 J$ V/ T6 Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" k$ P4 H% p( ~1 P4 \pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 X; k+ Z8 g: x5 T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. `" v) _) \$ G0 y9 Z7 FmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( \# c, k# Z2 f# G. w  HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' J' O. U& \% g0 R; `4 j% N# _
ing frequent erections.% i$ c6 h8 ~# t  B- d
Both parents were again questioned about use of. q  x5 p2 x/ n
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! z5 Z& Q: y- D7 a% ~1 ~) Q$ H
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ B& f0 P9 w; JTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  e; E5 p) Y! }' F$ Q+ r9 |
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 B, R. a0 j/ u- b/ E3 h& g+ d
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# R+ p& s* R2 s  M6 \, o7 W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! c& }$ \( m. W! U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: ?! V( ?& \! ?8 F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 G# m& w- G( O9 d8 d) c
secondary to depression.6 Q4 R+ ?+ F5 f% p6 b  Q2 j
The child slept in the same bed with parents.1 |" o  ^# o6 l) o' D% W( Y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# f: S- w1 O# ~2 zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 B! _3 W& e1 \( r) Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* Q! V3 x/ {8 O8 T; Z; ^. [The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' M4 `8 t# C* x" \# E4 {7 ^, cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby* ~# o1 N( ~+ j
was high, he then read the product information
8 E# X( t0 Y5 Ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* I! q5 E$ O$ p8 p9 Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, `! H; x+ B1 h- ?4 }* V! D8 ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# y/ o7 }- W8 nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 d6 C% j: y9 d' R( |
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 `5 b/ A/ r- s- Z4 ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  z- D. r6 A) l4 n  I' y2 }laboratory to obtain the test.
. [7 {( B3 E% L  g& k2 k8 pDiscussion! H8 |& m/ c4 v: g/ S
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 ~, X- k% Z# Rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% @% q3 o3 m) A( b6 X- p$ iPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* ^* E3 B$ n/ t0 R( r% B3 g4 v% @1 Hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, V8 K$ p* s5 P, `6 A0 I# U1 Cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: t& E/ x6 O9 J5 n8 [
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) F7 d% g* M) G7 z6 {  s0 E( i
may have a central nervous system lesion that is4 V8 g, t1 \$ o* \% K) y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 X3 z2 h* X# X. v0 z% a' N
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, @6 N  j# e0 e& Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 n: _2 l7 L7 N1 v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" i+ W. b5 P& t& V% O8 n' [2 a, c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- T9 M7 Z, w5 O) G! k
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. m) G' h& a6 Lgonadotropins.1,3( t, d" y# G9 c% U9 `$ J
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 H& [; W' J( x1 ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate. t3 Q% a3 {( J4 d5 @
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 p8 q% M$ l9 @5 U# ^exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( g6 A- f) F0 f" H( r$ ~
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 U% G+ ?& n" B: Jcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 U& d; o' d' Q# @% I8 n+ U7 Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- x2 K) @  ]3 U6 b- q
puberty in boys.3,4& P6 e9 T9 y: L
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 x8 a+ u( c1 x" D; w& R* K" ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 t, W% u. S+ J6 H4 n9 IThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 L# ^; O9 c6 y9 j
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
- i6 W( j! M; Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 J, _) N- z5 K5 p' S' Zexcess.1,3
' A( c! [7 ?( t+ c( p+ Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& Y( O# \  x5 {1 ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ |1 \5 z% u* T, R9 ~3 tA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) ^0 |  g* K, `7 q
independent precocious puberty, which is also known: T' g9 K) }$ k  |
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) R0 L' L8 f6 O- l" N" I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
( F% O1 |9 d" z) [: h, l9 wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
) {. P, A5 Y/ |) E5 u) hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# ]. j7 [) x: X% b3 b4 v: nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( {# _+ p7 n/ d( Dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 C0 W3 ^# c+ \+ dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; {% A$ f0 U, W7 Z1 x! x  sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 B# l2 O  u" G  }autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 `& E6 D# m: z* [8 |males; therefore, other male members of the family
& V* m: g1 Z9 M6 P% k* cmay have similar precocious puberty.39 Y4 o2 A/ u1 p$ w: J6 z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; h% v% C# Q, qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 x% J. M7 E$ ~2 U5 {4 fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 x8 Y, M* h+ h0 p
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ ?+ z, ~8 J7 r
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% z% e1 |) n5 N' r1 wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the8 d  m7 ~- D9 u# w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% `  K- W  Q7 p2 o2 gative initial history of androgen exposure, our  s7 q5 A! ^/ F6 S+ Y1 a
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 J9 T/ e4 ^, g. V  v+ Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 T) B" F# Y' [1 f0 \, s" `; N
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! ?3 X2 C7 v1 ^7 l/ K& d: _1 Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.
  Q( ~. Q9 r- F( dThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 K% h; q* U' h* t% q/ U! Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: l/ W+ I* P: g) @3 ?" }7 @the physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 q$ {+ q+ I4 U7 |& I
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 S* t9 a1 V9 `1 K6 z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! G3 z2 X, ^, M; C
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ K' O& Z# T( |2 ?! L9 v) X
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  R% r& k5 B2 x/ H4 d
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 s4 j7 T- }( q2 D5 j6 D# ]
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  C+ }" J8 E# k& }% e! `# ?unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( N  }$ l! {& {Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ V/ s9 n& D: ?$ j  Ybaseline value in those females who were exposed to6 G) a7 U5 y) x* L" x. {$ P
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 {" _* d) ]+ s" t5 G" z& Y+ B
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! s& r) Y, R0 C. z8 q) A" V
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: n- r+ C4 D/ g( f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, v: h& u# [8 v- E. E5 `2 N1 y* ~which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ c9 C5 Y& k1 V' `4 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! W% A! V; Z% m5 m  V! m/ h! p4 y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ _: F6 H$ B, [active in young children exposed to testosterone
  J3 M% x8 R) H& o" c6 ^exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! \# D! u, V- X( Xdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% G* _& F! L, P  _* x2 H  S* P: W5 Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( F- y; T" U; C; [# C& K0 @4 s7 |1 [" K. Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 x/ v8 T1 Z7 Y/ uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient." f# z. b: K% J: C9 P% I5 V3 \
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ T! \) l( S: W
early childhood on pubertal development and final: i' H4 g+ e/ d" z8 J( c' r
adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 q4 l* \+ r6 xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 N; Q2 h% s. V
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% t/ P) \. p" o1 k
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" c% R3 s" q5 y0 S6 |" Z. Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 p: y9 W" g& W+ F; {) f/ P. |# ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 n3 ^6 o# o3 @! G( P" ]# u
There are conflicting reports and controversy
3 U- ^9 ~, S0 P9 D; hover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# o! u- r- O4 u
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& P6 R: |" w5 h+ Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! s/ ~& ~5 U( \* u
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 y% [* u' v1 t8 dSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: c6 ~5 E7 ]' kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% h9 |, i  M2 b( r: b& Z
penile length in clinical studies.
( Q, ]$ a+ t  ?2 ?2 B& |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" q- g$ X" s* n& q& Tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
. A. o& X+ q" [5 p2 m: Stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, H& d0 t& {# B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ R" Q7 c# c8 q! R- iAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) Q2 E- c; H" n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 |% W4 B; @9 l, @the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 }  }, i' m1 l/ g& d: sheight will not be affected.
4 F6 c2 ~% b9 C; d8 T  y" g+ x+ k' h2 ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( J; e! u; `  M7 k! ~8 vability of androgen products in our society may6 F- Z* c! Z- R" H# H2 u7 U
indeed cause more virilization in male or female) |) {* L% D* o9 N) n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ i0 ]2 d. Z' Y- X( ~1 n# c! H
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 A4 ^2 n2 d* [5 @tioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 Y1 i: s0 U3 t: _7 p9 B
gel should be asked of the family members during8 n. J0 c" T; r3 V0 ]  O% W; _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-  H6 g1 r( K9 w# l
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# \/ B: R: i2 L
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% |2 E, l) _' |. X0 O; gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" R+ _5 J* O1 ~* }history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 w+ j/ L- W: b! Sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; ^9 g1 S. M7 N
investigation. The primary care physician should be: [7 k9 N* ]8 |
aware of this fact, because most of these children
; F* J' I' D3 M" C1 a4 smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- N$ b# r. S& Y) s" d4 F
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a1 b3 f% N4 }& u! s! i$ k! G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 I+ u/ N/ ^# q. Z4 C7 F/ p! q
female child who might come in contact with some-
1 H$ C$ f3 |7 N1 L0 {one using any of these products.
$ y, ^' @* e( T8 f5 u& mReferences
( U( e' S$ T6 a  O# W1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 `) J  N, j1 }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ ]: y! ~  p# F+ q/ T  W2 R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 z7 }& o8 X7 |
2002: 565-628./ L3 z* E" n1 T/ V4 j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* {9 Q/ }1 s" Y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
4 x3 B: Z3 I4 _, Y* nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# s! C# w# H+ i( L* }9 [Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543- p& }% s# y- F5 V$ M  l+ @/ {
areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.: c2 V6 r1 ]( S9 z
2001;90:751-756." s4 D: P! K6 v8 L9 Z; d( C
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
( U$ |& ^: ^4 z; X, LPediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel
; S' F" @8 ~; v7 b& Z! {Dekker Inc; 2003:211-238.
4 P$ j  I0 |4 p0 t" A! E4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual
$ B: S1 d8 I& Z0 x( Cdevelopment in a two-year-old boy induced by topical
2 F( u0 I4 v& Q; O0 cexposure to testosterone. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e23.% b! d( {$ P$ K
5. Greulich WW, Pyle SI, eds. Radiographic Atlas of& S/ A. X  L! A# w
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像. F2 m# O# S# g! D( }0 |3 [
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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