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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 d) Q$ D( I! m) m. Gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( k# |# S! s5 o' o  i7 Y3 s. Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
, f! H* h: g' f9 i+ C  H" _1 e5 G5 ]a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' Y5 m, a& o6 a  [
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) @5 x! N' ]4 B; n
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& Y5 W; |( i8 D! y8 X
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) ]0 }2 d' N/ B6 Q8 [cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
' v5 w2 I- p3 n- {8 y7 B8 m# dreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: ^' C6 k4 m+ t% N  W# C# y- {
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- T0 B! B$ {7 b% U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' A5 e$ i+ j9 _, R! q6 o) a8 Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* N, R+ L" K* \8 f2 N
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" X2 J% I$ {4 A
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- q: O4 Z% h7 i9 g: echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' @# V& M+ y# y3 A' v. ^2 ~7 ]testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
$ n9 x6 X, S+ [' x$ wbly more common than the rare case report in the. n6 F; X9 \3 c) L" ?) y
literature.4- R* w  M9 J/ v( v$ s
Patient Report
- ]5 |& k% K$ V7 a; {% J  n6 qA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- M, U; l! C4 X+ v3 u/ Sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 Y" x9 n& q) Q' x% Iof early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 q2 M" W# \# f) U0 u: {( P4 T- [$ _light colored pubic hair development when he was- g! R+ A. F3 ]  }2 _
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 {- b: f; T* H/ H  s" BSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 e* D. p) K6 U% t) g, q; D
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 Z3 F5 |  e1 q3 H& W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 d2 P8 g4 X, J5 q' t1 R  W/ N4 T3 NMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 W6 \+ M6 W% p* P; h2 A3 he-mail: [email protected].5 w) u9 Q( R9 p$ j9 ~
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. u. N5 m( J9 V# P0 x* U0 U" S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" y2 L/ z; [2 ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child, E2 ^! y5 ~3 v$ r% F
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ I) k% T3 H& ?7 k6 ~0 m! J) G1 J5 \a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 A" M+ g6 L1 h1 t: h& R2 I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 |$ h/ s! d  u) _# Qof life and was still receiving breast milk along with' {6 f! w) ]: A& R- k+ a1 s
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- k6 o6 K0 \& X' e  W) g# Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development, |+ L. ?& D; n+ J. {/ \
was age appropriate.
% `% P1 b3 g2 J  T; Z( |4 S/ A, BThe family history was remarkable for the father,8 q! w) I% y- x4 s9 A
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( Q, V' U2 ^7 t2 r9 u- A1 b+ t% ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 Y  [& D" {* a
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ d- [# b7 q$ H: S$ X( P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
3 ~6 s" L5 L! z/ u' [! `3 WThe father denied taking any other medication. The
' s' n5 K, C2 h2 Cchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 ]5 ^7 g7 E1 l8 C( Awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! O- n" l9 c( P$ @
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) A/ T5 F, m! h: [4 @1 z  M4 @" w
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* R" ]) S' e( b; ~, atives. There were no siblings.  H/ a! y8 d% p! e
Physical Examination/ Y7 Q! w9 D/ G0 ?
The physical examination revealed a very active,
  |6 t6 c" ^$ lplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- g9 a2 Q+ n4 |# P; a
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( @# D6 }# a  D+ l6 ?5 L$ d
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 A6 {; d* u# {) k  n: v, z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 N  k- f$ {0 [& `velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ o, s" N- e7 X) z& B0 r  Z2 r+ q8 dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) @# i( F/ n, W7 T6 }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 ^! ]' W4 Z8 uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: _" E2 x+ j1 J5 j4 h7 A( T$ I+ D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ I/ R+ W6 D0 k- |4 Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 u6 G- ^4 w; ?( K# N
540
+ z! m( ^9 ~( W) Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; @- p- `. D' A! Y  S& p
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 t0 e: Q8 c$ h7 Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. e3 Z6 a: ~4 e( N
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( U6 H9 N+ K; _+ u' [5 L/ ^7 u1 T
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ i( \5 H' v5 K. W
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% a$ ]; |" z. a% x8 v7 D6 dNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& G( H0 N2 ~% m$ N# M& ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) _- A5 n/ }6 o/ b3 Gof papilledema.
# K' ?- e7 j- h, h& e% mLaboratory Evaluation
% `- D1 i5 W/ q! S1 `9 uThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 ?+ K8 X+ b4 K, l- d4 C" x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, {( o7 t8 n/ j; Z. S9 S- dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- [7 i: z5 `4 a/ |' t7 Xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% x6 o4 T* b6 ]9 \# \showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 H* _, [1 K# Y8 {0 h! `! n
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 L8 d# y% L% _5 g$ {5 d8 VThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 ~" Q1 b0 f6 S8 @' v9 W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 b& v6 [2 @1 d8 h4 r* O; W+ ]7 r7 c
within normal range for his age. The concentration! s. z  |# K: i& f7 |
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 a, ^- P' s3 W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 X" `, C3 Q) l( a8 c2 K% yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 f& }. a) f8 e& D2 f5 R5 ]terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 c% [3 k' i; z% L. \6 ]) g4 W  M: G
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to1 f3 [: M% J! N" a6 Q0 C- J
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) a6 [! Y) h1 M% I  k1 w- O5 O
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: A1 H; M4 Y! N8 g7 K2 I! dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" N+ `; n4 h9 y
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ E/ x1 e5 i/ ^and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: q. Y8 c* v+ g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% [& O% i. z8 X/ P$ Y
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* r2 }! P2 n' |! u. N/ c
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! ]+ W3 X+ J! f7 d
(prepubertal).. K% i6 R1 E$ u! T  q- F! `' |
The parents were notified about the laboratory' z8 t# N7 `  V- c! ?
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 J; R8 v5 o( u. Z" P
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ B* S- Y5 l% S6 k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# B! {! n2 C7 V( I& {: k0 U; ?2 S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 h) }$ E1 E. U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.  m* G$ [6 f. ~) \& J' s% [: ?
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% s+ L$ {8 A, g- `9 X% m6 n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! m3 ?; w1 _9 {) y, f
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 c9 O6 `. O! W, e! h( ]) l2 uunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& {( I/ \+ j" u. j" y' G" }! z  O* d' [pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 v" {/ |1 c+ a' _the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 E! L' }( S+ |- X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 C& r9 ~0 Z8 S' D9 T& w
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- ~; D( r, E& e  F& B( c
ing frequent erections.
- D/ L+ G% V8 Y5 }$ b5 Z- R& YBoth parents were again questioned about use of
8 R' r% ~. d2 [; _any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) U+ K5 f4 w) x5 a7 i$ ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  R; U- W0 i% W# D, A1 \2 o3 vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 W& t% H3 m1 d$ B+ J: ]8 N4 C# Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& S' A& I- C( M9 A- ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* i) c( [6 s- o5 e, P: d7 V
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 B, F! v7 v! |# k4 c
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 X$ ^0 V* n8 ]! x6 cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, E$ [  t0 P5 Z% }secondary to depression.
1 U# T8 y( X& `6 iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 o* F& }* z0 [2 ]; G( A; C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& _. I3 C  @% [# Kchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 d: M" O% `0 F. H: M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' f/ e7 ~+ H2 S- RThe father also admitted that after the phone call,5 z* X$ S' \; r. q3 S
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby9 g6 F; Q9 y! M, w0 V/ d# h
was high, he then read the product information3 X, Z6 N. T! Y2 X4 h0 p6 z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, g( I/ P, Y- {
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% p6 [. b; _* D' P" ~/ }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ ]. ^" p; ]  ~, sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had. j) _3 c1 c8 {: }
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone8 l$ l' t& K+ t6 q( D7 u2 [) N  C# H
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the# q$ a* S, e. L7 Q$ Z8 m
laboratory to obtain the test./ X! x2 ?2 V& e3 x0 q/ h* H
Discussion0 O& i# [7 ~) T' j4 F3 p! b. p
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
0 _/ g6 x1 L3 B1 j. Ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 [  P1 i3 v( c$ G
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 d$ b0 H4 ~& Q5 @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 i5 {9 l. `" E# T3 T& [3 ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 m8 V- ~$ a5 @1 q# ~
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 S5 u# I! D9 K* u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is# J/ s3 h+ q( |. F. Z. q6 e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
, i( G& {: c$ J: Kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 W# H6 ~6 _% \: n2 A
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* S9 e+ ^' ?+ M; @( U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-* O6 y# a& S& l  K' I& N" L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" C2 ^! A2 Y. ^) Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 F7 F. J+ @% o2 |
gonadotropins.1,3/ |! `8 M; ^$ c) D7 ^
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' j9 W& Z! X: _' `2 Y6 l) U8 V
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  g# I- D, g2 [( V8 p$ wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 e1 y+ k: j$ J$ O4 N6 k9 N
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 k7 Y( u1 D$ C+ }7 c! R
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 ]- P2 j3 }3 [" X. L: _
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 o# \; J2 T3 s8 J9 G% d1 Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& n+ [4 Y- N, |# _( o/ Y4 l
puberty in boys.3,45 ^1 J3 s3 j9 l' W
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: b) L; F/ [: m4 `- Q/ khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 |8 r# n. T$ g- Z1 o+ P
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 r% B" @0 E! _) N" T# a3 W1 M1 a, O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 P2 x1 i) y  x2 Oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! q2 L3 n+ P7 d' ?2 a) Texcess.1,3! O& R! u/ k3 K2 J; T; |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) U( r6 B  G3 q0 d. ~) t$ m# m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007, A% z. A. p" p1 w+ [9 i9 g, Z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  `0 H% u8 d. v/ u2 |independent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ K; E  J6 \& u8 E7 m" Bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 X8 K6 @+ a& T8 _  w; [  k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys  g+ ?! G9 ~+ ]9 t
with this disorder are full pubertal development,' v+ u6 \2 I6 T! M) D
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 r$ Q3 @3 E& b9 R9 i. T: vwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 A/ I7 f6 ^* u5 z7 X, I" j" j/ f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 C7 C3 k2 V2 |# e' E" @. x0 _( Gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 F; T- D/ L; `6 dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ v- ?+ p! k* T+ Q: N; _: Vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only) t" a0 }- g& B' E
males; therefore, other male members of the family  I# p( D% _1 U: h2 Y
may have similar precocious puberty.3& U' V% k7 ]8 [
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 b' |& A$ P4 bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. u+ F, v: s* Y3 [$ R5 Ecles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: V5 ]$ H: e) Dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ y4 U* A" {1 C' l+ ?" wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 u8 ]5 c1 h" O, R% O/ Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ B) X; B1 s2 ]* c9 _beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
  ^2 l& D" V6 j/ ~! \1 O8 iative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) i4 v8 C& g+ F* s% c4 K/ xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ U8 K; c# B1 T2 r9 n) k
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 j+ p0 G2 Q9 h2 r) _' O, W5 Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# k; z. S8 y! ]! K
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& T! H3 g# q3 Q7 t; Q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. B. S4 M3 c! t3 Q! H; P' Zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 v7 E- u- `  R
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-. R2 ?( U4 O5 v+ q) F
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- ~+ j7 C6 I$ a
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! b8 I2 P- ]9 _! Z5 f' Nterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# H" b' Q1 `, V8 R  Q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; x2 b+ s9 b2 s# n+ R
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 \+ G; x1 h, w/ b1 R) c5 N6 Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& s- d( i; c0 b7 {' V7 F4 a! G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# V- a2 _5 d7 y5 ?  m9 y6 L, V  HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 M. M5 Q% Y# o! Zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to- [: l7 d4 ~, s* A3 o7 I8 ]
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 @4 B% F3 H7 opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ ~/ X  b! x( L3 Ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: \$ e% ]3 u7 g
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) l. @+ `/ T8 K5 x0 ^3 T( m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 s5 J' U. O7 s2 L. w+ ?* j
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! O' s- Z1 l5 J2 i; `9 H* lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more4 U0 i! j) h: t* o! G
active in young children exposed to testosterone
: w. u. c  G* x* Qexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) a8 b( k" s9 P! jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 a( }* Q0 N# k& m. e
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 G' e' {# W! c, qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
- f1 }; B3 }6 B/ I- E6 |advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) ?2 h3 I4 P8 S4 y5 V; RThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 K. j7 M; l" |" qearly childhood on pubertal development and final
% g& {- x: Z9 P- d! _adult height are not fully known and always remain
- |4 [0 N+ e' m5 ~. }5 Na concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 }, ^+ a6 g( k7 wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; R( i4 k3 T' _# Wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  t$ _( t2 m, W/ ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 b( x3 y* U4 }decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! n# I  n( C+ \7 \4 lThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  U* m% C2 \2 Fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% e, ?- M# ~) b9 \' p; |
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 I# b) O3 o$ Y* b7 F
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ e) S0 i9 f! Z" s* T7 M
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 R! N  }6 r6 \% t; s1 X7 P/ VSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ J; b3 z8 G. x9 j
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" |# k& B3 A! C5 x- J. R% p  hpenile length in clinical studies.
: {/ c9 S" f- QNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ u, E0 j* ]! q1 _/ S; M- `going to experience any of the untoward effects from' l# a- V1 S' d3 Y5 }6 Y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) L1 [' H3 i7 G$ k5 ]8 \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 z. M" j3 O6 T1 L& ^Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. d; S4 L5 O+ F3 }1 [* V  T- cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* n. q6 G& b4 t" ]3 [
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ W) ^8 z1 T. `1 T/ i$ e( _height will not be affected., r1 l% j5 I+ I1 K/ a1 |: M
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 U3 D  V5 l+ ]+ z
ability of androgen products in our society may4 z; C6 H3 f# \. C" g
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% C% ]' r; X9 b3 i. h2 N2 Z# z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 f6 W. j! m# a6 Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-& t! Q5 E7 K$ o0 B( v% ^5 L- p
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# _  D$ M) y4 g7 g
gel should be asked of the family members during3 X) a! a: p1 C' F$ z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
2 ~, f7 v0 D1 l" z* Xilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 E; n( s# ]3 I2 r: D- Q, g# F! \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( h5 f0 W! F" L' {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ t) I8 k/ w5 i  L% [% k- |9 ahistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  M7 U7 Y; I- {: t/ V# t; Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 Y* ?% F. d1 ~% O3 oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- Q3 S' [; j' o2 r  ]aware of this fact, because most of these children5 v0 R  S. c6 _& s! l# ^& D
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' @! R6 [9 m  o, |- Y. p7 `
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' N$ C' n& u9 o, h8 i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or, f" B- D9 m  D6 M- g- K( B
female child who might come in contact with some-
$ l1 n  f; W7 S) k) Fone using any of these products.1 ^- K: q% H$ }) y) T7 i6 d
References* h8 z8 L) P/ v
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& n* `4 w# Z0 q5 L( ^- aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) L% V+ g2 y  l& m5 H1 sEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' K- @' w: F- r# G4 e8 o8 O$ P& y
2002: 565-628.5 u' b9 J8 p' Z& I% D
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% K/ T9 ]' d" h& `0 T" l1 z8 m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
9 B9 o5 O! v- {: F* r0 b, @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
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areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.  e0 g$ A3 C- l" e  L; n$ S: g" a" U
2001;90:751-756.6 z5 S& j  g! j. Y
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.  O, ?, P$ c' y/ C, o: E$ i9 Z& _
Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel
& W; E' R# q- Z. dDekker Inc; 2003:211-238.6 P; v+ @% s( C: Y5 Q6 o) l6 g
4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
: t8 f3 ]) j4 L" w  P; x
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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