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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 E5 O0 n# Y C, \% }9 M" [$ E
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" r3 B( d. C4 M2 y; F: X( K/ N! LExposure to Testosterone) |( y3 M6 g8 j1 d: Y* y( P
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 Q9 V: m: S9 ? L6 j; X: Q7 p5 c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1 Q% H3 F# _% R+ g2 o
Clinical Pediatrics# e2 p2 m( d& x3 C! Z M0 q
Volume 46 Number 6: ]: q8 b& L v
July 2007 540-543! I E7 f2 S9 R4 U* o
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 r3 w' n# H" ]. `) T: i) G10.1177/0009922806296651
. E V( `( t. k* Q1 n2 uhttp://clp.sagepub.com" T0 e( z" E$ I; h/ |
hosted at
) K; u% Z( t8 E: p" R) g chttp://online.sagepub.com+ m/ e# v# V" K0 v' Q( W l
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! B3 e5 U2 T3 f6 j1 O. ~( B: W7 g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 V3 K6 j! L' D C1 Vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 R& h/ U! T' a+ T( V1 ^4 w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- O; U+ e$ e6 J# m
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, `. e7 F0 ^, |" Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
`- E, s$ @. z4 q: [by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& t( F7 T% ]3 b' W6 x* whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; I7 c: Z% N$ ~5 C; V; L) L
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& S2 Q9 G& Z4 r8 a% y4 A
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 A# @2 p6 Z2 h' j6 m( n
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' w( H' T* W, L" c/ v& jment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ ?- n2 g$ e4 u* i, u9 t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, {' s$ |7 r# K5 othe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ N& G, y2 F- ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 _, R$ b$ H* bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 ~0 N7 T. D$ W$ C7 {' d/ [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, n( A. y$ K$ d# E9 cbly more common than the rare case report in the
, \ G! n4 B# m; |4 rliterature.4
3 j8 s t8 B" C9 F0 U9 EPatient Report7 C$ P2 X9 Z+ z/ E/ u% o; i0 Z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: m8 E' q. Y* Y( t0 F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 W" N2 U* t( M" x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
( N, |5 U4 H9 Llight colored pubic hair development when he was. R! |! q8 F/ L% X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 e% d! Q$ P+ r3 u$ e: M) |South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' g2 L% G4 K+ t3 h N- D; q" GAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% c( O$ d% c+ V1 v% {( j
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; Y) `" _# X# o- H
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 _8 a5 e9 \$ ye-mail: [email protected].
8 i" Q2 c! s! ]/ Gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. K# K9 K$ |( Z
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 C- ~3 E) |6 n/ \- i; k
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: ?3 W6 q2 m( ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
: D7 ^& |/ o# m6 z+ xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, I, `( V* t+ }, r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( ` k; z! h; P# g5 Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 J# {6 ^! L+ y; D, D( P6 a3 lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 q1 E: b7 H% mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 d0 Y( M" t6 D( |was age appropriate.
9 f! F+ F1 @& q& HThe family history was remarkable for the father,# N, z+ s7 b# B$ j# [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 p# O. l0 D- f2 A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 {. H# [# d+ ^& K' m/ r2 x( r, pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. \# } ?! M) o/ N' L4 w" N/ A
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 s4 N W1 [# o0 m& hThe father denied taking any other medication. The
3 f5 b/ B3 n5 C* ~child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- y. m- L. j* V1 U4 h; V
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 R# Y2 n* g9 v1 h. x& z- D
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ |, ]- b, o3 H2 V; Q: b
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; H( }, C5 Z0 }tives. There were no siblings.
' z t) u* u& O5 OPhysical Examination
1 f3 \+ q! ~, q0 nThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 u e1 |7 b( Z+ c" @2 T1 `playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: X9 Y2 R0 g! N( A& m$ t1 k4 M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- |" Q( m7 \) N8 U' @- |' v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' W; \7 F9 H. Q& a
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: \' I+ Z$ p+ P. E7 n4 V* b6 I8 w
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; B- @6 X; e* \% z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ r3 V+ [) F# B: ]# _
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 G8 r& ?3 U4 P4 W# e2 Cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 n( [ p2 I, {; U; q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( o3 h% t& b( N. f2 vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ d% r4 v2 S. n& ]& K
5409 M% H8 @* P" n% O$ y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, f: H: X0 R4 W% J2 Y; ]
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' z, z) w/ m) j& V8 h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 _( k l* P# [3 c+ A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 c/ l! [- h+ g; Y8 y% `oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 j- e6 p+ R$ e6 Q o
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 q6 r8 ^# I9 x6 b8 y6 F5 _
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 @- J: W, L" s+ ^' ?2 s( Kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% c9 D. z4 {: y+ q9 Mof papilledema.
! z9 l2 { I2 G5 m6 NLaboratory Evaluation; H, ]) a1 {1 B% J
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 N7 z/ }4 E1 F& N1 `using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
0 C! Q3 ^0 t/ Q# E! \- U5 Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& F k! a8 m5 b+ t: g
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test2 b. h y/ Q+ |+ r: W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" I; m7 r; `' \' J, m$ g- ~! h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal). M9 K+ z) r3 U j/ E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ v) P, M2 w/ J" B i4 m$ {3 lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& c. T# u5 S6 |, F$ V1 O! o
within normal range for his age. The concentration
* S( u6 C. P7 C0 x K& F1 eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# }. ~* N7 `3 @7 Y0 y- n$ m. V(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 b8 D t& a/ v& X# P) b- [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 N k. [1 @) a1 C `; ]: Hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( T* F0 [3 I- A7 }
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 O% ^% G4 ^2 _
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ W( x7 n+ X! T2 o4 xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* ^# ~, b0 y% H% s, {' Y* Etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 t+ F1 S% Z# a8 R. n% F9 ^ u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% v* C; G: g1 C) v$ P
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 u2 M/ d! v. d- j5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: \# N2 Q' e. q" e Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; t3 D- T6 u b/ k+ w+ [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ l- J A# g) ~9 L4 t3 g
(prepubertal).
. _$ T. c) c2 ~1 cThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 Z. t$ m7 _- D. E# [2 P" kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
7 K( ]. P2 S. znormal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ \+ a0 t1 Z* ]4 S1 j1 ?2 tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" Q0 k K a) e% nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 D+ P- I" r& k5 l
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& g8 {) N; Q1 B* y. Y; u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) R8 Y Y+ c n$ `7 r6 R
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 ?5 \- Y- ^: o- P0 j3 a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& N0 K$ c* e6 ?8 Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# G0 p+ k7 f' M( ?% n; O( v3 U
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
^& a5 u4 _. n3 b" G3 Y nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 v: {9 T$ T3 \* j6 d* _$ I* s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; x! F7 I" Q" K0 |
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" x7 z' X- I0 Q* {3 }; Cing frequent erections.
0 Q H3 x+ v7 N" ^, p8 {( f6 @Both parents were again questioned about use of
& s4 y/ a& z9 c7 Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 W% G; a. y1 y- i1 }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 y' _: `, T3 {
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 t7 l$ q" V k' {1 `; A2 Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 M3 h* `# T$ B- G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ |7 q1 t1 E8 k1 Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 }; X& K/ k4 c2 ?8 }9 K, |7 y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ _3 b4 X3 u) g
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 Y' c- ?8 l' c+ K2 Lsecondary to depression./ b5 Z* q# F& D+ ~% X0 g
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
5 f8 B+ c+ @" Q/ Q( f% ^The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 S; d8 C& w) u9 b# V! Qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' s. A' O# l+ ]2 ]3 T% r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." h1 a+ A$ ?. J4 A! I: d X" P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,4 h8 ~$ I* U4 M8 p+ R4 Z s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ N0 O! ?0 G' o# f6 ]
was high, he then read the product information1 A9 P, o7 d4 q/ q% i4 C( j
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' r0 Q8 r/ Q( j$ O7 c; u: ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( g" a& s i: R# x* [$ I, R" q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) s( E0 K( k' S- T u
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 n6 [5 Q# K( abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
# U1 T* |+ \! q$ Utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! E. d, U$ ]8 h% {8 D
laboratory to obtain the test.
/ P9 k! @+ ]2 l6 e! v, C3 aDiscussion# F9 {7 ~# _% k2 a8 ?- Z5 J
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 N' A. ]. i8 C3 w3 J( H" \+ Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 [* U8 ?/ _/ _+ M( t1 }3 R, H: W7 s9 t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 _4 b; \, V' J) N* {" H4 ^
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 a7 [# R% `9 u7 D8 othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* ]* N0 Z4 b$ {, R4 [
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
R. \6 G4 z$ Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
' C' r+ t! |2 b* l% s6 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 j9 {) z$ c. H! c/ Damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; W- X f, A* [' k8 X; A, C" ?sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 `% R1 @6 e9 U8 ~6 S
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 v1 G" u6 T" I- u& vization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* a9 l' P: ^1 N) s2 E$ b
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; t/ a ~% C# Q5 ]% q5 ]" u
gonadotropins.1,3
2 F( W* r7 ?# D, S$ kGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 W& Z! O4 p+ l* o! C
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" k" q7 R' D% F) g Z1 A/ ?+ M, nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' ^3 e, E5 a. t' D! E( ~: Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% i6 ?7 c% g( n4 F, v1 a5 B
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 u/ f6 g. D$ e3 T1 Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# D( u% |7 g0 |2 \ e; radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) k4 D( L1 Q# x4 l1 K: m
puberty in boys.3,4
. g+ F% `. C0 ]9 \0 W, kThe most common form of congenital adrenal. c7 Y0 m/ z! y& L% K' F, p) t
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 a# Q/ F) O) {0 J8 @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; H* ^0 F* l- [. ~3 z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# u6 q5 U% }0 F. i$ h! M9 `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( l$ p. l. C% G }+ p9 q
excess.1,3
$ x1 a$ c# ~$ T2 C' i! |: Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) W0 n* W' T3 n0 W% g6 Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: z7 v3 [$ |/ hA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ l- b, e+ A- v+ windependent precocious puberty, which is also known
! m8 a/ t) \8 j) `as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 \+ G4 H6 N$ I* ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; m' F3 \& X Y0 Q5 O# S# f4 R
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& N- m( q3 A2 z7 k$ o! ]
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 n, `, b/ i; T8 y, t+ l: u3 Gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# B4 l! j& \% v3 N
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 k" L6 A6 M9 a7 q. H# p4 X) Y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! R( B) k* I1 a) t2 H. R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 E- v0 X/ J* q- G' E7 R( T1 Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% A$ z, O! \# H! D7 Q# r0 Dmales; therefore, other male members of the family) ]7 W/ y* C( I6 {
may have similar precocious puberty.3; c7 ?2 m @: d
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ g$ @$ s1 d( v/ N5 i; v, W
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, n5 ~& p! i. Q& c2 ~0 S% Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; h; `% v, Y1 q8 mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father* r7 S5 ~6 Q8 [9 V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! A. F, N: s/ } A6 W2 t
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- o' A4 X+ d9 `* ?3 N; a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% H1 o; Q) Y2 |9 D: k- m6 s
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 A0 t, A6 L* [0 \2 S$ k
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 O: e; V u* Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' `8 N0 _+ @/ X* o8 f
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 v9 x" ~7 T# N1 R+ Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( C. ^ G7 Z. V( u* L+ }/ SThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 @7 m h r( G O4 ]$ y( I% X
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: a# O3 b/ F' A7 a+ Uthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 ?0 J; Y2 X1 h- X6 X( ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! O. i- U$ o4 n+ O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' m2 \0 n; e4 k* bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% i j& T2 ~, }) ?& W( Z7 q$ \9 U* m6 Uusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# F v! z \! w M
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 }8 s- W% k8 p5 [, C) R1 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ ?! n% ^& `; j9 i. {- J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' e! T; r: m* M- E- d1 _' \8 T6 |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the( C+ X# G. K6 n: Q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to: F# ^3 s- g# c9 }7 J- S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 ~$ |4 M% `. J. \! p
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 S2 a4 R3 W! q2 z a
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; N- O, h) I: m: }' `! t
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 f) y5 u3 G9 n- v" D: S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- k9 w: n# N( B+ c8 M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ ?9 G0 ~# q7 j- \) s& ?
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! ~1 k$ w6 M% d' u5 v( M
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. Z8 o& w3 R5 o$ ^exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ L3 O% W! M; r. Y4 C) ]- {drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 K* W! q" H* j; h/ vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( d: Z# Q9 ~& f" {. G
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 Y- [! |4 j% E sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: a. `' s+ n/ y" f) S2 iThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, s# f, c# u* j$ X) q$ o
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 h# f/ |/ U5 g" T+ K5 o
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: n0 O- v- H- V' va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 D. T1 i# G9 a8 a
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* g4 Y* N9 J2 o2 Z4 I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 _; R2 T, H; G: T1 H$ S6 Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 e" A: @2 w( M. Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ a. H8 W: w7 W( W" v G9 a
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# F6 `/ l# T9 @7 R- pover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" _2 Y% w7 d# M+ T* |/ d% Bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) j) m( I7 p' |! A/ u. |9 s4 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, K3 h- f, [, L0 ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 s. e, @* U% i5 mSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, r) r% _* i0 l+ u' `& m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: Q" r$ X& p2 P( Npenile length in clinical studies.
% T! z" O' u9 ~; lNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( J T" }! t. [: D# K! ?) R* g
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 R* b% m' U6 O. q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 d/ n. U& e3 `. { Z; h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) ^6 n8 {1 U' ~+ ~ C5 _" ` G* uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 D3 d0 A1 o* K$ Hdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 K4 v2 R$ s; ], v' K0 V! Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
t9 B+ S4 h4 ]4 @height will not be affected.) d) `- H9 n; t' ~
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* i0 m3 `8 p9 u0 z9 H* e
ability of androgen products in our society may+ n) H( i0 Q A) V; \5 S" |" m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
, G) p0 S$ D7 ^5 B7 Rchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
2 A4 w( T! |" g+ R9 v: Cgen products must be considered and specific ques-
& c+ S/ R9 z4 y2 B y% B2 b8 Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or% K' }; o5 g& [) w
gel should be asked of the family members during
+ i# a) h& W' z) U5 g7 h4 {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 M0 f! n: j* ^8 D! }- D
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 H6 r# f: B3 l3 }$ Z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ O" {$ |! l+ ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a z# E( Q) L$ M
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
+ g8 w v& C- V. |' \; ?result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# v1 B: P/ v+ Z; `" d" z
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ N' u# I3 \+ O+ W- ~3 f8 B
aware of this fact, because most of these children: J; r. L) r: z6 n
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 J0 `0 n4 M- m+ I U6 @8 h/ T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& ^. N3 N I1 iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! O$ d& b, s9 ^( N- O: `6 @( v
female child who might come in contact with some-& x; `/ E7 C4 \4 G8 o1 k
one using any of these products.$ {% [+ ~, f, v
References
( `: H m R; `% c0 v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ A$ Z" n$ l) W/ Y2 A7 i! Z/ E1 W- Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 I+ N! d1 F; }% n9 e( tEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; h1 {" I# ?* x" k9 ^1 Y( p
2002: 565-628.- m; ]5 _- l4 e* U9 p: @5 J
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
P& D1 w/ R( M {: p2 k( xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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