WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
累計簽到:5 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 |4 r7 k7 d4 x) e& g3 k8 g# ^8 j* j2 f. p
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical" k3 i" q$ A/ o# g$ Q
Exposure to Testosterone* Q1 s; F2 h% \. r* \0 v6 y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 G: y" L! l9 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; P: k* \5 l: ^, }: f  R% `
Clinical Pediatrics
) U/ v( N" q3 EVolume 46 Number 6
( G7 o: [" a, K# a8 v: @9 FJuly 2007 540-543- }% u. _+ H$ }1 y: n) B" [4 [
© 2007 Sage Publications
# V: A& _1 W$ N* S* n  y10.1177/0009922806296651' i: t4 \: m. z7 B8 o7 |
http://clp.sagepub.com& @5 g+ q- m- J3 \6 e: ]
hosted at
/ S  U  D+ A* n3 L) }http://online.sagepub.com
" J, R- R. B3 X) R! tPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 V* \: U/ Q9 X# l9 [3 t+ a1 T
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ h/ W2 i8 v. {9 ^* Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 Q, y8 c5 B! I( @' ^7 m5 vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 L4 k! D9 O# [" a7 u* Z% ~! G4 Ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system5 j& c% x+ G" L  S
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: r" P% c  I- B( kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic  B+ F. }8 E" ~- y# }/ j7 ]
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 g# J: _  p( ~" F4 s3 b
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( a& g/ p! W" D# B# Y& Treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, m4 f1 O  _! {/ Oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; `* i4 ^5 l/ n" fment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. \8 ?8 A- ?6 V7 a- D6 i, Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 d. Q% X9 o: u0 S
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 M3 S9 U1 A  A; |: K* O' v
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 U1 I% f' x5 \7 Y- B8 @3 p' bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ M1 P5 [3 B5 Z* V( e: q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 L2 h: i3 \0 i" }
bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ L' B* g6 R, k: lliterature.4/ @$ Q6 U- A8 H# m9 b
Patient Report
2 E# q" Q; S9 ~% Z" ~' IA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ w8 f: N; K; d. A0 iendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# U9 B7 g7 s3 n( }* _, Y. p" sof early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 ], U$ j* T4 R6 Elight colored pubic hair development when he was
( d4 ]) X, E% }3 U7 a+ hFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 ~1 O; k, |/ e
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ v8 N6 U0 E4 YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 Q$ W" ^9 E& V* xProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! D. j6 P' F2 s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  n1 g& c6 G2 pe-mail: [email protected].4 c# x5 x# g1 z$ @, z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" E/ t6 N! ^2 J; T6 r
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ F1 T! ^2 a9 x% n
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! s# M. x9 r$ ^* Dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" `( l4 }; l. U% O) Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ v# ^* ]5 W/ C# u* w7 p+ t: l: }
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ c* F! R; d0 f5 {; e
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ B; d- ]! w7 I& R  G. ?! p. t
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 @& B0 ~( A+ X* C8 f, wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development; N1 s4 l. N* s5 R+ {, j5 A: r
was age appropriate.
: k. M" M7 S5 v/ |The family history was remarkable for the father,4 g  E1 k) H; t0 {, o
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ t' Z$ y( @6 k6 H0 l' K) u
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( w: y8 R" ^8 b7 |* g; B# Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
) D( s0 i6 Z5 H3 n7 V/ iearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  {3 x8 l1 L- X% P0 H
The father denied taking any other medication. The
% M% a# A# G. X6 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  T; a% e6 u0 G8 v1 }% P+ p" P  s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! k$ l, N9 F! ]# u5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  A( c& j- Z/ Q: o1 m7 ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ m/ c$ v! u$ n$ \# ?0 N/ G1 _7 d
tives. There were no siblings.' W/ W$ t. O. D* d$ _
Physical Examination
7 Q' A% k  P2 X7 v! MThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 D( N, G, a& b; v4 F
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, k4 d( u5 L; M6 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ {) R& Z( R+ ]0 y* ^5 e2 l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 ^. L! N: u6 {% d8 ^; q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 [) @. S3 Y& v9 l' m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 P6 i- D+ p$ ~# [; [8 }
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
: N$ D' b, f! r" V2 fThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# G- L. g# v! c2 [' d0 U& p: kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 [% R# y$ l! D7 `2 S
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' k, V, \7 w2 O, x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) g7 c- v0 ~. ]
540* m3 _* F4 V$ ~! z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 J& T9 {9 z0 u8 U$ ?! L9 T. d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' h* ]7 _5 E+ R8 ~
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  t  i! S& @3 R" G. A5 A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, D$ M% T  Y: Y& K% `" l; ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 ?* W8 b' x$ U) g& @& u) Z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 ~' G' K. Q  I9 TNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 J( `% Z- Q  A* hbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 m0 x; J* N% Q0 fof papilledema.
3 d& n$ n! x' z4 {3 N1 G; hLaboratory Evaluation
. p: L: r( R( V# ?0 ~: F' q( SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 u4 @6 e4 x# R: ^' ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 C4 M* c: v& ]0 O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  M7 E" a  `1 z& {) Qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 X* [/ `! n! Z: ~# g( @8 d( T0 dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-& h- J" H6 t7 a% t/ X0 W; b
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# |. [8 \& H: l4 U- FThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" X2 n4 J' }. N( M9 |8 \5 C: B* }
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: y1 N, S1 i, Hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration3 M& b8 Y: W/ r
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 h7 e, x( t  A) |3 A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 Y" F+ \) h& v, N( c0 V5 k6 N* Ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: \5 p. Z8 H7 j7 L( I* Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),' Y! i  k0 L5 g3 C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" m6 _+ O* X( a, V0 l9 ~9 ~- e& L! z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): r" H: L9 S. L  H  _  H
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 G* E. y4 I; a  d. a
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) ^  _( N1 Q9 [& r0 V% T  }8 M1 wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" O. {* @* l0 n' z1 |and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 L% m/ m) }0 \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 y& W4 `! F7 p2 B7 p$ |
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 n2 {& S  ~1 z0 V; D; nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( l0 S3 ^5 \9 g' h. M(prepubertal).
4 `0 Q* z$ r1 ]The parents were notified about the laboratory' E3 M, Z# {' K; Z6 q6 c  w
results and were informed that all of the tests were" }/ K7 t# E7 E+ o
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ c% v; @! M( T/ s
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) z2 X0 B- j! z5 lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: o3 Q2 s- g- r' b5 O- ~6 Aever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. |1 L$ A) N5 @$ X5 `) f8 kPhysical examination at this time revealed that the3 R8 \6 w9 _* G( O0 L
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
' t6 s( ]6 S, t+ n& `% ~2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 z# h" x, m0 |& u
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ g7 a6 I2 w7 L6 y6 rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( C% l. y1 ?# c0 H$ V; E
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  U8 J; R1 Z9 u. Z% y. }9 W9 QmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
+ q5 s+ n$ [( i) x- b; v  Y/ q1 HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 o& z8 Z  u" F1 M- Q* P
ing frequent erections.
0 E9 Z6 _+ z+ k  D6 }Both parents were again questioned about use of
# \( l5 F" |- s7 B% _! ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
  S4 t8 v% m( U3 E& f4 V: }* Sthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ {3 I, P7 U8 m( H& z- l7 q5 nTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( _0 x7 [$ N* Q% {+ `use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-3 O) G4 x$ P5 ]
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ k( L3 q) _* T9 _4 }
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 b$ E5 [: [! N+ y* }5 N1 c
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 h/ Q+ i" l- F6 d3 V+ j: J6 Tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 M: ^% `1 Z2 f6 _$ l: D7 Q0 Z
secondary to depression.& i! G* P8 n: s8 b# ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.! _( \7 o$ ?' M- i
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 t* m2 Z) _& |/ \% f- D: kchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% P% e( n0 l- s0 n5 U% O% L6 H
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 y1 b. s0 D& P* P# OThe father also admitted that after the phone call,& x* m' S" I' X' v$ h' a: w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 V0 w# i: {4 s* R+ `8 {! f6 n
was high, he then read the product information9 `5 c, S/ Q: F2 Y9 q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) a' p! f, \$ k# y3 v
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 X) g4 R$ R0 D0 \decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ j2 a) `. [5 j
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% x( R: v% d9 ~/ O9 u( Q0 Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 p* f5 ~8 |4 W8 n3 A3 h. @" N* O$ btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ ~. b( d5 B& G9 r& Y, [) Q" klaboratory to obtain the test.
* M8 o# P4 e( Q1 L, k+ U0 _# `Discussion
6 t' y/ q- k6 G% I3 c6 EPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary8 w0 Y4 |5 c; W* s/ z) H
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. [$ `5 E7 P5 V0 j6 l; c$ y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" X8 T8 \8 T, O/ W* H; Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ p! C- f3 d  r" \; ]" O4 N7 V
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& y4 T9 K$ Q5 x; R1 b4 D& M
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 J. v' q; E. j% L( |/ W$ \2 K4 s" Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is4 ?1 y# K2 A8 {( y6 S
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 k6 H* j& D* I& @* {2 K) z% D/ samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ k: v" y2 l; x7 {
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( O& I6 M! X* W' a( }0 C9 q' pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 V8 T( ?$ |# w- O
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. h) f  |; G* m( ?# f/ crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, U0 y0 J: r  h) ^& T' y
gonadotropins.1,3# g3 d3 Q8 M6 t7 S% C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 _, P8 l& C0 F  J* K+ S
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; V& G' R+ D; ?0 Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 l0 @- V% H) w# p5 f
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
3 n( ?0 v. L4 Q' R/ B  H  ~9 Dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 {" \3 f/ ?9 s$ v- D  z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* X8 g# h4 p: Q& Gadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious5 f, f1 x- j/ D9 _  ?# g
puberty in boys.3,4! G2 G9 D4 w; R1 n( k0 k; C4 x, @
The most common form of congenital adrenal" t/ c: i4 m  F4 X9 }: E5 q! _( u+ u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
5 N3 X, T; Y8 o8 e: R: iThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in  ~8 D( o$ V3 k& c7 U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 `; l$ M) W9 b8 k
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ ~8 y) }" j2 r* Jexcess.1,3
* l% e3 Q% r; M( X- D! H) ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 z: e# _% O( v* I% K7 c0 z' x# O- }1 T542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) L+ P* P8 e1 H4 {  D5 P% ~3 g; U6 `A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' [2 m* d$ B* Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known1 ^" ~7 a. L4 J5 B  g. Z, e
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" b+ O2 n( G2 m' H, H
very young age. The physical findings in these boys0 Y0 E. }0 S0 _% N8 f# K7 P
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. f+ @+ S* m) V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" E5 ?. g3 r1 N/ ^( }8 P  F
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 ~0 L' c' X7 m' P* F/ D. q& T( l
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& ~2 i7 z! n8 r: Q2 ]pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" ]& B' o7 B1 R+ o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: R3 Q; w  s, Q7 b$ G* Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; g: n1 r# M3 S5 M9 S$ d. dmales; therefore, other male members of the family2 X5 a# w, H% G; e( E) Y. q
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ {- e% \9 q# E$ BIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
- h5 c! t$ R  A; H  d( ^4 J! m% Ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 ?9 Q4 [5 j# [9 }( i% xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& ?2 K9 s1 y4 Dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father# T1 k; }  l, w" p4 l
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 |# O8 B/ J& y6 Y; v/ ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
$ @; e- P% k" [" ?6 t% hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ X& ]0 s. T1 ]0 c4 Y2 y0 ~  ?
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our& G5 W( U. m1 t. f9 I8 \
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( ~" K( m, k" {1 ?6 u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* ?' z3 t# X! w  c6 S5 Z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' s' s, k' \- P) e! |2 e- @5 Z( a( P
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 B+ e4 l* [7 G2 u( O: NThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly) r$ r6 J3 p! j+ q) j8 L
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% B# i1 w) v5 }8 ?, K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) Z8 M/ P9 l+ M* ]( kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 N" y% P5 j; s7 Ldecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 r: n! U$ W" d( p, d: @
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 z; n1 n& T3 m
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) E1 k: q1 ]0 U$ w. g0 f& k3 r8 K: rDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; t8 U4 U& a" Y, Icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 w+ U4 U3 g9 N" E: Y  Sunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ @) A! m- r8 T( M) A% ISerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) F2 e! U; o9 `" v" @0 @: k% ]
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, \& L* ~" A% S% ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* G; P; |) \# x& E
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ x' s) P2 \; ?tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. w6 u+ j( W/ W9 f8 R" P
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,* ?  c/ z# I/ x( s! p! b
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 |- f* `! w, H4 M, a. x" h( a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 E2 T6 c- W, ]1 a, `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 y: g$ _3 G& c$ Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone
' Z! F& U* y9 w% r( j( J. Bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& p' R3 @. d) P$ ?drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 L2 Z$ [# Y5 Q: S. s3 _0 k/ hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 T+ I6 A& ~& \: v/ z) Qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, P& L# z( _+ Z  s: a1 eadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 e% S" y! j1 S' \" {  O' t8 a: Z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: G3 H% O- E# z% D1 E/ Aearly childhood on pubertal development and final- a- z* @6 w  e' Q1 D8 g5 ~
adult height are not fully known and always remain
- A5 |  h1 B. P1 K; w5 `a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ T" X& }) @. I7 f* K3 X
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# `8 Z5 T7 \; b: B6 v6 a: U, h$ zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  G3 T* S3 X9 Y9 ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' C' ]0 j% m* j& L( Jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 v/ H: B4 J2 ^$ m: e2 v4 @) V
There are conflicting reports and controversy
4 x9 C- E0 ?, E" oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 }; Q6 H! ]0 _, Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ ~7 |( }0 r; ?( H$ u
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 V2 G9 Y$ p& W* B* y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  b  p; ~1 \0 g. m/ Y$ WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 `) n* Y# \, b" W0 G) Q8 G( Z$ Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( b* k  j1 o4 H# {
penile length in clinical studies.
6 I. Y1 h& ?) N6 o' i! j, }6 KNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& B& B  d) E6 x- i. I$ F% y& Y  T. |going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& r+ D3 E6 R% X5 Ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& Q' c4 o6 M& o6 ]9 athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- j6 ]$ L3 H( fAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of/ A, o: t+ @6 _
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. ?+ O( T4 `& ?9 Z. r5 M. O9 S) M$ Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 ^7 @' V/ G6 [8 W" S8 n1 Q
height will not be affected.) e+ p  T* S7 b! n4 v1 `: R- O7 D
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, N# \) A" y  o- m! O; ?7 a( qability of androgen products in our society may" ?  W3 b% S- a
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 j8 E, L" o* d5 T0 @3 f
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 v0 G+ T0 F! z( e( I( v6 V* Sgen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 F9 A: m) j2 \% |  N% h; @# Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or# |1 m  A2 R9 z0 m" [- _) ^4 h3 ^' P
gel should be asked of the family members during8 Z2 F2 A! J1 c& q! t' m
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# V4 Q& ^6 i# ?5 s  @/ N: Pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 N2 }# V' G& [3 n2 E0 s
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 ^' u8 b) o+ ]
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% p3 P/ t/ U9 [) b) Qhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ M) Y5 D& k/ v- gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 g3 N7 P" M# X9 }7 s
investigation. The primary care physician should be
6 _* |9 @/ N  s. U4 paware of this fact, because most of these children/ T' T/ ^$ ^& z$ f; T/ z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" i5 N3 h% }2 t3 ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 |. X# p8 k: l2 W0 Y% h7 D( A. twarning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 v7 y7 v; A' Q( b: I" k
female child who might come in contact with some-1 `: M" G( k- U$ E; d3 I6 O
one using any of these products.
( n( q* J/ z$ S) _2 QReferences; b$ O2 E' X( F, t& u
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- Z1 j$ l7 m, D0 eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
& |: b' S) R, i+ O$ z! s1 y1 C% qEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- _+ x- `% q: d# ]4 F  q2002: 565-628.
0 w, l( i6 Q# w/ O" r, d) ~& U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 h' C* b" Z) U7 }: v- b2 opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
回復 支持 反對

舉報

累計簽到:5 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 E5 O0 n# Y  C, \% }9 M" [$ E
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" r3 B( d. C4 M2 y; F: X( K/ N! LExposure to Testosterone) |( y3 M6 g8 j1 d: Y* y( P
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 Q9 V: m: S9 ?  L6 j; X: Q7 p5 c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  Q% H3 F# _% R+ g2 o
Clinical Pediatrics# e2 p2 m( d& x3 C! Z  M0 q
Volume 46 Number 6: ]: q8 b& L  v
July 2007 540-543! I  E7 f2 S9 R4 U* o
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 r3 w' n# H" ]. `) T: i) G10.1177/0009922806296651
. E  V( `( t. k* Q1 n2 uhttp://clp.sagepub.com" T0 e( z" E$ I; h/ |
hosted at
) K; u% Z( t8 E: p" R) g  chttp://online.sagepub.com+ m/ e# v# V" K0 v' Q( W  l
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! B3 e5 U2 T3 f6 j1 O. ~( B: W7 g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 V3 K6 j! L' D  C1 Vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 R& h/ U! T' a+ T( V1 ^4 w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- O; U+ e$ e6 J# m
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, `. e7 F0 ^, |" Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  `- E, s$ @. z4 q: [by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& t( F7 T% ]3 b' W6 x* whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; I7 c: Z% N$ ~5 C; V; L) L
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& S2 Q9 G& Z4 r8 a% y4 A
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 A# @2 p6 Z2 h' j6 m( n
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' w( H' T* W, L" c/ v& jment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ ?- n2 g$ e4 u* i, u9 t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, {' s$ |7 r# K5 othe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ N& G, y2 F- ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 _, R$ b$ H* bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 ~0 N7 T. D$ W$ C7 {' d/ [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, n( A. y$ K$ d# E9 cbly more common than the rare case report in the
, \  G! n4 B# m; |4 rliterature.4
3 j8 s  t8 B" C9 F0 U9 EPatient Report7 C$ P2 X9 Z+ z/ E/ u% o; i0 Z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: m8 E' q. Y* Y( t0 F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 W" N2 U* t( M" x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
( N, |5 U4 H9 Llight colored pubic hair development when he was. R! |! q8 F/ L% X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 e% d! Q$ P+ r3 u$ e: M) |South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' g2 L% G4 K+ t3 h  N- D; q" GAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% c( O$ d% c+ V1 v% {( j
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; Y) `" _# X# o- H
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 _8 a5 e9 \$ ye-mail: [email protected].
8 i" Q2 c! s! ]/ Gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. K# K9 K$ |( Z
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 C- ~3 E) |6 n/ \- i; k
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: ?3 W6 q2 m( ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
: D7 ^& |/ o# m6 z+ xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, I, `( V* t+ }, r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( `  k; z! h; P# g5 Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 J# {6 ^! L+ y; D, D( P6 a3 lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 q1 E: b7 H% mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 d0 Y( M" t6 D( |was age appropriate.
9 f! F+ F1 @& q& HThe family history was remarkable for the father,# N, z+ s7 b# B$ j# [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 p# O. l0 D- f2 A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 {. H# [# d+ ^& K' m/ r2 x( r, pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. \# }  ?! M) o/ N' L4 w" N/ A
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 s4 N  W1 [# o0 m& hThe father denied taking any other medication. The
3 f5 b/ B3 n5 C* ~child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- y. m- L. j* V1 U4 h; V
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 R# Y2 n* g9 v1 h. x& z- D
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ |, ]- b, o3 H2 V; Q: b
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; H( }, C5 Z0 }tives. There were no siblings.
' z  t) u* u& O5 OPhysical Examination
1 f3 \+ q! ~, q0 nThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 u  e1 |7 b( Z+ c" @2 T1 `playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: X9 Y2 R0 g! N( A& m$ t1 k4 M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- |" Q( m7 \) N8 U' @- |' v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' W; \7 F9 H. Q& a
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: \' I+ Z$ p+ P. E7 n4 V* b6 I8 w
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; B- @6 X; e* \% z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ r3 V+ [) F# B: ]# _
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 G8 r& ?3 U4 P4 W# e2 Cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 n( [  p2 I, {; U; q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( o3 h% t& b( N. f2 vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ d% r4 v2 S. n& ]& K
5409 M% H8 @* P" n% O$ y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, f: H: X0 R4 W% J2 Y; ]
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' z, z) w/ m) j& V8 h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 _( k  l* P# [3 c+ A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 c/ l! [- h+ g; Y8 y% `oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 j- e6 p+ R$ e6 Q  o
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 q6 r8 ^# I9 x6 b8 y6 F5 _
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 @- J: W, L" s+ ^' ?2 s( Kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% c9 D. z4 {: y+ q9 Mof papilledema.
! z9 l2 {  I2 G5 m6 NLaboratory Evaluation; H, ]) a1 {1 B% J
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 N7 z/ }4 E1 F& N1 `using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
0 C! Q3 ^0 t/ Q# E! \- U5 Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& F  k! a8 m5 b+ t: g
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test2 b. h  y/ Q+ |+ r: W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" I; m7 r; `' \' J, m$ g- ~! h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).  M9 K+ z) r3 U  j/ E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ v) P, M2 w/ J" B  i4 m$ {3 lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& c. T# u5 S6 |, F$ V1 O! o
within normal range for his age. The concentration
* S( u6 C. P7 C0 x  K& F1 eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# }. ~* N7 `3 @7 Y0 y- n$ m. V(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 b8 D  t& a/ v& X# P) b- [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 N  k. [1 @) a1 C  `; ]: Hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( T* F0 [3 I- A7 }
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 O% ^% G4 ^2 _
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ W( x7 n+ X! T2 o4 xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* ^# ~, b0 y% H% s, {' Y* Etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 t+ F1 S% Z# a8 R. n% F9 ^  u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% v* C; G: g1 C) v$ P
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 u2 M/ d! v. d- j5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: \# N2 Q' e. q" e  Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; t3 D- T6 u  b/ k+ w+ [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ l- J  A# g) ~9 L4 t3 g
(prepubertal).
. _$ T. c) c2 ~1 cThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 Z. t$ m7 _- D. E# [2 P" kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
7 K( ]. P2 S. znormal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ \+ a0 t1 Z* ]4 S1 j1 ?2 tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" Q0 k  K  a) e% nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 D+ P- I" r& k5 l
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& g8 {) N; Q1 B* y. Y; u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) R8 Y  Y+ c  n$ `7 r6 R
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 ?5 \- Y- ^: o- P0 j3 a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& N0 K$ c* e6 ?8 Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# G0 p+ k7 f' M( ?% n; O( v3 U
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
  ^& a5 u4 _. n3 b" G3 Y  nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 v: {9 T$ T3 \* j6 d* _$ I* s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; x! F7 I" Q" K0 |
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" x7 z' X- I0 Q* {3 }; Cing frequent erections.
0 Q  H3 x+ v7 N" ^, p8 {( f6 @Both parents were again questioned about use of
& s4 y/ a& z9 c7 Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 W% G; a. y1 y- i1 }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 y' _: `, T3 {
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 t7 l$ q" V  k' {1 `; A2 Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 M3 h* `# T$ B- G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ |7 q1 t1 E8 k1 Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 }; X& K/ k4 c2 ?8 }9 K, |7 y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ _3 b4 X3 u) g
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 Y' c- ?8 l' c+ K2 Lsecondary to depression./ b5 Z* q# F& D+ ~% X0 g
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
5 f8 B+ c+ @" Q/ Q( f% ^The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 S; d8 C& w) u9 b# V! Qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' s. A' O# l+ ]2 ]3 T% r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." h1 a+ A$ ?. J4 A! I: d  X" P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,4 h8 ~$ I* U4 M8 p+ R4 Z  s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ N0 O! ?0 G' o# f6 ]
was high, he then read the product information1 A9 P, o7 d4 q/ q% i4 C( j
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' r0 Q8 r/ Q( j$ O7 c; u: ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( g" a& s  i: R# x* [$ I, R" q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) s( E0 K( k' S- T  u
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 n6 [5 Q# K( abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
# U1 T* |+ \! q$ Utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! E. d, U$ ]8 h% {8 D
laboratory to obtain the test.
/ P9 k! @+ ]2 l6 e! v, C3 aDiscussion# F9 {7 ~# _% k2 a8 ?- Z5 J
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 N' A. ]. i8 C3 w3 J( H" \+ Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 [* U8 ?/ _/ _+ M( t1 }3 R, H: W7 s9 t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 _4 b; \, V' J) N* {" H4 ^
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 a7 [# R% `9 u7 D8 othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* ]* N0 Z4 b$ {, R4 [
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
  R. \6 G4 z$ Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
' C' r+ t! |2 b* l% s6 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 j9 {) z$ c. H! c/ Damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; W- X  f, A* [' k8 X; A, C" ?sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 `% R1 @6 e9 U8 ~6 S
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 v1 G" u6 T" I- u& vization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* a9 l' P: ^1 N) s2 E$ b
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; t/ a  ~% C# Q5 ]% q5 ]" u
gonadotropins.1,3
2 F( W* r7 ?# D, S$ kGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 W& Z! O4 p+ l* o! C
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" k" q7 R' D% F) g  Z1 A/ ?+ M, nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' ^3 e, E5 a. t' D! E( ~: Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% i6 ?7 c% g( n4 F, v1 a5 B
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 u/ f6 g. D$ e3 T1 Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# D( u% |7 g0 |2 \  e; radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) k4 D( L1 Q# x4 l1 K: m
puberty in boys.3,4
. g+ F% `. C0 ]9 \0 W, kThe most common form of congenital adrenal. c7 Y0 m/ z! y& L% K' F, p) t
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 a# Q/ F) O) {0 J8 @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; H* ^0 F* l- [. ~3 z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# u6 q5 U% }0 F. i$ h! M9 `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( l$ p. l. C% G  }+ p9 q
excess.1,3
$ x1 a$ c# ~$ T2 C' i! |: Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) W0 n* W' T3 n0 W% g6 Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: z7 v3 [$ |/ hA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ l- b, e+ A- v+ windependent precocious puberty, which is also known
! m8 a/ t) \8 j) `as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 \+ G4 H6 N$ I* ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; m' F3 \& X  Y0 Q5 O# S# f4 R
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& N- m( q3 A2 z7 k$ o! ]
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 n, `, b/ i; T8 y, t+ l: u3 Gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# B4 l! j& \% v3 N
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 k" L6 A6 M9 a7 q. H# p4 X) Y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! R( B) k* I1 a) t2 H. R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 E- v0 X/ J* q- G' E7 R( T1 Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% A$ z, O! \# H! D7 Q# r0 Dmales; therefore, other male members of the family) ]7 W/ y* C( I6 {
may have similar precocious puberty.3; c7 ?2 m  @: d
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ g$ @$ s1 d( v/ N5 i; v, W
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, n5 ~& p! i. Q& c2 ~0 S% Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; h; `% v, Y1 q8 mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father* r7 S5 ~6 Q8 [9 V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! A. F, N: s/ }  A6 W2 t
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- o' A4 X+ d9 `* ?3 N; a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% H1 o; Q) Y2 |9 D: k- m6 s
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 A0 t, A6 L* [0 \2 S$ k
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 O: e; V  u* Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' `8 N0 _+ @/ X* o8 f
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 v9 x" ~7 T# N1 R+ Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( C. ^  G7 Z. V( u* L+ }/ SThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 @7 m  h  r( G  O4 ]$ y( I% X
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: a# O3 b/ F' A7 a+ Uthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 ?0 J; Y2 X1 h- X6 X( ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! O. i- U$ o4 n+ O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' m2 \0 n; e4 k* bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% i  j& T2 ~, }) ?& W( Z7 q$ \9 U* m6 Uusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# F  v! z  \! w  M
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 }8 s- W% k8 p5 [, C) R1 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ ?! n% ^& `; j9 i. {- J
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' e! T; r: m* M- E- d1 _' \8 T6 |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the( C+ X# G. K6 n: Q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to: F# ^3 s- g# c9 }7 J- S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 ~$ |4 M% `. J. \! p
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 S2 a4 R3 W! q2 z  a
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; N- O, h) I: m: }' `! t
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 f) y5 u3 G9 n- v" D: S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- k9 w: n# N( B+ c8 M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ ?9 G0 ~# q7 j- \) s& ?
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! ~1 k$ w6 M% d' u5 v( M
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. Z8 o& w3 R5 o$ ^exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ L3 O% W! M; r. Y4 C) ]- {drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 K* W! q" H* j; h/ vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( d: Z# Q9 ~& f" {. G
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 Y- [! |4 j% E  sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: a. `' s+ n/ y" f) S2 iThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, s# f, c# u* j$ X) q$ o
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 h# f/ |/ U5 g" T+ K5 o
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: n0 O- v- H- V' va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 D. T1 i# G9 a8 a
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* g4 Y* N9 J2 o2 Z4 I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 _; R2 T, H; G: T1 H$ S6 Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 e" A: @2 w( M. Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ a. H8 W: w7 W( W" v  G9 a
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# F6 `/ l# T9 @7 R- pover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" _2 Y% w7 d# M+ T* |/ d% Bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) j) m( I7 p' |! A/ u. |9 s4 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, K3 h- f, [, L0 ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 s. e, @* U% i5 mSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, r) r% _* i0 l+ u' `& m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: Q" r$ X& p2 P( Npenile length in clinical studies.
% T! z" O' u9 ~; lNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( J  T" }! t. [: D# K! ?) R* g
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 R* b% m' U6 O. q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 d/ n. U& e3 `. {  Z; h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) ^6 n8 {1 U' ~+ ~  C5 _" `  G* uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 D3 d0 A1 o* K$ Hdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 K4 v2 R$ s; ], v' K0 V! Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  t9 B+ S4 h4 ]4 @height will not be affected.) d) `- H9 n; t' ~
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* i0 m3 `8 p9 u0 z9 H* e
ability of androgen products in our society may+ n) H( i0 Q  A) V; \5 S" |" m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
, G) p0 S$ D7 ^5 B7 Rchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
2 A4 w( T! |" g+ R9 v: Cgen products must be considered and specific ques-
& c+ S/ R9 z4 y2 B  y% B2 b8 Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or% K' }; o5 g& [) w
gel should be asked of the family members during
+ i# a) h& W' z) U5 g7 h4 {the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 M0 f! n: j* ^8 D! }- D
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 H6 r# f: B3 l3 }$ Z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ O" {$ |! l+ ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  z# E( Q) L$ M
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
+ g8 w  v& C- V. |' \; ?result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# v1 B: P/ v+ Z; `" d" z
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ N' u# I3 \+ O+ W- ~3 f8 B
aware of this fact, because most of these children: J; r. L) r: z6 n
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 J0 `0 n4 M- m+ I  U6 @8 h/ T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& ^. N3 N  I1 iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! O$ d& b, s9 ^( N- O: `6 @( v
female child who might come in contact with some-& x; `/ E7 C4 \4 G8 o1 k
one using any of these products.$ {% [+ ~, f, v
References
( `: H  m  R; `% c0 v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ A$ Z" n$ l) W/ Y2 A7 i! Z/ E1 W- Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 I+ N! d1 F; }% n9 e( tEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  h1 {" I# ?* x" k9 ^1 Y( p
2002: 565-628.- m; ]5 _- l4 e* U9 p: @5 J
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  P& D1 w/ R( M  {: p2 k( xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
累計簽到:185 天
連續簽到:13 天
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

尚未簽到

發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

尚未簽到

發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
累計簽到:3 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
& t7 n' s' k  G; L! s; r
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

尚未簽到

發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表