- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
累計簽到:5 天 連續簽到:1 天
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! p( W9 |: [, E) o \) s: @Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ p3 L' I: T- K: o! B; E" ]; i
Exposure to Testosterone3 W1 |# E6 L' A# x r/ j9 N z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 r3 Z% Z; d' ~) I2 s, iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ U2 I6 d" b9 t# r4 h1 x5 qClinical Pediatrics
0 o3 h y$ m1 }. fVolume 46 Number 6& }3 b* \+ c0 O; S! R
July 2007 540-543( I; b6 b2 |( ?2 \. x; x
© 2007 Sage Publications" Z/ b8 s4 F! C8 f) l* K; S- D# D
10.1177/00099228062966518 @: J) l( R3 d
http://clp.sagepub.com5 M# Y# x) b: J3 ]1 M6 A4 _
hosted at6 H6 P5 O* L4 j) w% c
http://online.sagepub.com
' I2 a) [2 f1 Q$ b+ y. `7 xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% b% Z- N( O+ y- P! j0 Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central2 Y. Q) |9 B* X: f, v& G! U
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- R- I& p1 i! p& Z/ q4 Y8 ]+ @& K
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: M- ]6 \: x! f9 r* W: _
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 s$ E! w* K# o! C6 ^( Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# p/ N: ^9 q% R( _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; M1 B: k# {, ?1 d$ X/ P8 D. k' lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: A; {% Z6 ~0 B1 S9 s
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, U. J: }5 V8 [( L' a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& t. {, u2 c1 D; f ]. l5 `
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) R5 O, U4 M+ s3 r! ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
! W5 s i! T: Q0 b4 O% m3 l6 Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* i1 s! n7 m. o: X: m# U9 {8 V/ @' s
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( s- D& W! c0 `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& i# ~# A6 g6 D" o9 r) G+ A2 d( O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
a5 e5 I8 s+ U. H4 `& `' A& ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ T1 U# @9 ~% \$ M# U$ C
bly more common than the rare case report in the# m7 h( e: {3 E3 X2 W. ?- d
literature.45 ^ {/ C; t: Z5 A
Patient Report
6 ?# c! p8 E/ c8 F- cA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 F# [' @4 Z( d9 M& I( c' ]! wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# \, }7 a+ T7 q" d
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
) X5 Q: d0 b( j# b% Flight colored pubic hair development when he was
# k9 N# F) d7 `% {) o) B4 E2 S1 m5 UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 r* Y' E# @+ ?9 J$ r1 J
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 y) x6 a/ N3 [" I5 ]/ B/ }
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( e( Q- D4 @+ U* T1 j& T3 t: lProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
9 p7 S9 l% M/ P) [: ?& cMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' s9 L8 T7 g- H( }0 O( ?" K ie-mail: [email protected].
* f( s3 s% z1 J% w" cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 m8 |5 q \# ?) o6 S/ i8 [; C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* \ A- Q+ \, e6 V
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( L5 l6 ~1 [6 P! r% h- vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' s" \- L* G* b' M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% |- W: q# E& x- c' L. _' t
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" q% z! H& P; x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 N; h X" G i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. J& W6 _& n: x. X5 gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ o5 o7 Y) [( [, q! ^was age appropriate.7 {) m: c6 Y. s( _- n# Q, ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,: t8 W" M) F$ @" ~, O
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 y5 b# C5 O! |: z! Q* r
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# e# h2 m6 M3 }height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 |% g" \ X4 Y: q; Dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 x, g! Q% R! Q! z7 MThe father denied taking any other medication. The4 ^* ?$ g9 v4 L; ]* `$ O' y
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ \/ G& b! e) p: G0 x# Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 c/ ^/ K- m0 ]1 n: V2 H! `) V
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: _$ F8 M1 K& Y3 d1 p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! M& `. @5 o; m% n7 ctives. There were no siblings.) Z$ ]/ V7 x! x8 p. d2 g/ z' y" {
Physical Examination
' N8 v- B$ i) Y6 L% z7 {" hThe physical examination revealed a very active,' ^& D! h3 a4 b3 T; |; X7 g
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: p2 y; [' U) c# A S0 _0 q" K% U4 k
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: _ ], P+ @" @2 [
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ v# |, j/ l7 ^- C7 |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 d, ]; n+ f, B# Rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 n7 U D/ H% [7 `9 ^) C* E; Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% z1 N+ B# Z0 ^- `5 u! z+ H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% G* N4 U9 h7 Z( _; c% a# n
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 q5 V0 y" l" u' l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& W3 I, C5 W2 t' t# }% V# `developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 @! ?/ d* r u/ r540
]0 `3 z4 G1 B0 n( Z# l* B H- Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. a E, o3 y" ]* `1 E! z* u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( \9 d8 W: H/ K R; \
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: c" ^5 k: L& j% \% K
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 M7 _8 V2 p8 C3 k1 w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 }: J/ @, }8 K0 E* w& ~4 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& m! `. T2 k: y9 m# z
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 g3 b$ s6 {. T b# qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' ?3 Z; N* R. t5 m# tof papilledema.
" m5 d* h) q% m8 B4 k( JLaboratory Evaluation0 Z9 r8 @" i+ k# p6 Y% \
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 Z$ \5 H) X( ~
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 |/ p; C4 n, a2 J" jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) Q+ v9 }" T2 O+ N$ v4 T; V
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ ^3 o2 I! n7 h; c4 X7 }showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 l6 Q1 b# P" }; M: Glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# l. e/ i5 E ? }
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' d* ^( {7 k. u7 }1 p
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 j! D. g. C6 G. F7 ?; f/ F
within normal range for his age. The concentration
, X; F* G0 P0 m; p' s5 J$ \of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 O7 p6 _: {, M, {8 y( {9 R
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ M. n$ C! @; h' k* S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: I8 i2 S& ~' q/ Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& N' Q n2 M8 G; hdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) \9 ^ v# k; t! G2 L8 ~49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) ?* z! L9 t2 {5 U6 L" ?% Z7 M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 J# s4 u5 O' f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( L+ v4 u# I& A9 i) ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),1 i+ s; [% Q6 t0 X
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; f0 K8 P# E( r) j# H0 b! i" t
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular k5 ], @, x0 I8 r
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 c% H& q4 s& Q; w
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 Q9 b# R5 q: s3 ^; v1 i
(prepubertal).( x5 t! x; P! t% |
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 Y( l: k" Z# \& l7 `9 ^ Fresults and were informed that all of the tests were
$ X/ O, g0 ^1 t3 U1 L! A# bnormal except the testosterone level was high. The& ^1 e7 Q# j. H1 J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 f- q6 z5 H+ L1 \. S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& W7 M( ?% r& Yever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, w: y8 E: a1 [7 \Physical examination at this time revealed that the
7 J+ f, u `+ D6 ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: M5 r1 D3 K' [5 J
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' P2 [; H: \" }# I' O& k) E- q1 Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' g% y6 V& w# L$ Ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 r0 d6 n8 Z3 n( E! J5 ^% w% o, e
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 C+ [% _$ J0 I' n& `0 j
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& B- C+ }" b- g( ]! ^. u ~1 WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 M/ O1 Q$ X$ p7 F$ n
ing frequent erections.
. a" ^* l3 a% E8 s$ o/ \Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 J/ b/ t- X* c' p, Many ointment/creams that they may have applied to; p3 f" i/ h' P7 p5 ~# `, X
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- Q* A5 o5 v+ A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 k2 w( r' E& o4 M7 S9 x+ n8 K
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 Z1 i- L2 G5 C4 P. @ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- d6 R3 K- ?7 A( X/ ?: ^' K& b1 @
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 X+ Y* j F& n+ N/ J$ Ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: N& j4 L/ S9 F0 E* F- D! v3 t4 @scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 ~9 T. e! _: P4 T: Bsecondary to depression.; K# q$ s' W9 D8 H, p5 e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# A. \" J/ f# s4 O5 e2 n/ m
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. C3 u7 c8 r* L) dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) _+ K, Y% j4 W3 Inificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% G4 g$ n# x. H- mThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
! V# a6 G, L% u8 {when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" K) [, Z+ ]. R u- c4 U( y: [) d
was high, he then read the product information( L# _8 J6 ^ d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 g! c% N: g, ~0 v3 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ w% `- K' M" e; n; x2 Z6 cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 T) p$ W9 c' \# O% N- o8 ?father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" o t) X& [& O, e+ ?: ]; l. vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, z$ H- H. ]8 G$ v, m* v" ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ E5 O2 R' ^( j) r# p7 W0 tlaboratory to obtain the test." l! Y% t3 `' L9 ?. i, ~
Discussion
& ]% M& R( _# HPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 M; }: A/ L1 n5 T( L0 _
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 l7 D- O7 @6 I( B( a* OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% k+ J: N* g, {# Zit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( a& _/ r& w$ M, f0 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' J" I* `8 z8 R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: g) e8 u7 @! c% }* jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is- b; m! A: F: D' I
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! F. U- f' Z& h3 n- H- Vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 p. G+ P, K7 a* l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 j7 H [: g, dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 H; j! N6 @, Y6 E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( s" q. {6 Q6 x4 Q9 `0 q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% _5 b& [5 s/ V
gonadotropins.1,3 l( p. |4 L+ x
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 C5 N9 D5 s' _( y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; w' P6 \. v( m2 h1 \" |# mandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or. k: m2 ^: v( r& y; ?0 J$ j( p
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) d+ a/ ]# H" Q9 E7 Y& O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% F0 _9 S( P& [; o) E% q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ M* O3 w, O' T+ u: B, v# i9 L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 h. G! y1 z1 j& M' A
puberty in boys.3,4. Q! G7 h. h2 o) |; y' l* X
The most common form of congenital adrenal. l! U# q) H) n/ ^
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 z6 k" s4 q" a5 kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 a7 y6 u- }$ l H. _+ Y3 uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 z$ m7 v f( y3 e$ t8 F( l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* i& x e8 U- I+ c, S; A+ fexcess.1,3
6 y. v% `9 a9 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 h: c K! [- c: y+ L) c2 o542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 W: K9 O$ c& S/ c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 Y; J# c& C1 M$ V ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; L0 Q C, G: g7 {- y3 B2 J
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) f; Q3 ?3 o* y; v n/ S' B$ p! H
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 Z. b2 d% w ~& v J5 Jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ C U2 y" K; d; f/ i9 U9 Hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 k6 n9 G9 b# O. c5 Nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) M) w9 U6 g- J
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# N, Y0 ?% V& e" I( Upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 _/ G' }& z! I- Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& s! p" F3 a, e* [% J( N0 I1 ~6 W! w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 Q( }3 L1 h6 |8 G8 K \# }males; therefore, other male members of the family6 B- S C8 \7 ]( G5 G& \! v0 j
may have similar precocious puberty.36 r, I' ?1 q7 C4 b" H9 o% x
In our patient, physical examination was incon-! p% k/ I' i$ ]- f. i5 r4 B4 j9 n/ G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 H r" `) o6 I6 Q6 a9 h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# r1 Y! R4 h6 `: J0 Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father1 p& x) E9 s9 O7 o9 W: q. k7 j; R
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& J0 c+ R" o8 D/ y) L# {testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# E8 |! o5 Q E- R1 T0 s# Q z# rbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 z6 p; g( z Q- M" ?6 U: I/ ] P
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ V+ D5 i9 J8 q# V( Q6 I* G% `biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
Q8 j6 f' l; P+ @either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 {" d8 n( j6 I, P2 c) Z5 z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: T3 w/ R* `0 Z% h( X$ S; `
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( L, C" l' }! YThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% w$ A. V0 v$ c3 dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( m5 @, J2 j* Y( f2 z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* y' i: b* J7 }, v9 `2 wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 L! R# h y/ m! |: n* V* W t4 ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& t% y& z1 ^8 _) }3 Q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; R( N* m1 ]$ N" ~, P0 ]
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 d% V# T4 }3 D. XDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( P( F: M/ ?3 v! A- c0 v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! S. {! g& e( D, B5 W* @2 {unprotected females through direct skin exposure.& r1 N7 P& w1 m4 H1 ]
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 l9 L' T9 b$ L3 c2 kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to1 }" p1 U- [, x/ G
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ z! z5 _3 F+ W/ v. u/ J$ w5 g- w6 jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica- A* i8 u% q0 n9 H$ N- }
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 S3 G, ?5 s1 o
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 J; u* {5 A/ d! m2 _% c6 s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
w) T' N- e ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 L# ^+ ]: D3 \/ ?+ M+ ^terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ y4 Z+ \. n6 {8 X7 P4 @5 o* {
active in young children exposed to testosterone
- D* K+ H0 e7 q6 y, p5 z6 ]$ Pexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
V, z6 A0 p0 ]" R, Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 v V! K8 C3 `$ B. V# hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: d( l6 |% M! i2 H: P
children results in an increase in growth velocity and1 }: O, R/ Z9 i @4 B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 Q' [2 ]3 o" S" ]( R
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 H* F5 D/ X* V. F/ ]early childhood on pubertal development and final
o3 y) w8 H$ ^ yadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 F$ m2 N0 {! x) l6 n; h3 Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
$ H& t$ u: P# d( D( N+ Vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& I% o! Z6 m; U9 [2 nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ \/ T$ s5 @ d: ^1 rcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- Y* e8 S4 ?/ v5 t2 C
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- V, n; w7 @/ U' r2 `" d
There are conflicting reports and controversy' h8 m, P2 P# n/ c( V. ^. |$ ?
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 |) M3 W7 C8 [0 y+ \4 J* d
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! t- ?. X* w$ K* {3 R; qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. a- k3 X) D3 eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 F6 \# l; g U3 F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) m. b% H. t3 W6 C6 kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 E: b/ g$ L" U) n$ X% Zpenile length in clinical studies./ N4 j( n0 m+ V1 x: ~: G- j1 L, u; Y
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# b9 U# ]7 u1 q/ f7 r' T# q; K7 D
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 \4 O `9 ]5 }; g1 ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because N. x' D7 x, f% V' a* m! W
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ E! u# M0 `; W b# g' H8 e5 P
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 e% J+ d% _( l# [' d. {% Zdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% X& X9 d4 r! [5 }: {) T& o$ T% ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; Y0 K- A5 x* t; M$ G) a
height will not be affected.
# C& ^3 R4 |) N: U+ XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% U: O% \1 a* l4 o0 j! f
ability of androgen products in our society may: G/ R3 X0 f: r- b5 r& Q6 t+ I
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ H) P1 Y; T' u4 W/ A0 U" g& gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* K. o# U6 _& R3 g; v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 q6 r) O* I$ a8 H
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 A: ]* u9 m* z8 k( d p% T9 S" tgel should be asked of the family members during
: _- d5 A! N1 C; d/ d2 Gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" I- v/ s4 h+ F8 f4 B% f# d4 W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: g! X. u }1 `- }: f7 ~8 |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 J/ L3 z, Q9 b$ `$ w0 G% oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 {" l/ K6 p4 q1 C- uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ [8 m- Q2 E; ?, z6 e1 u: _" yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; M" |+ _( L& J1 l$ ~, \investigation. The primary care physician should be2 Q3 t' N5 p: n- S1 S+ y, d
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 t9 i+ t0 R/ ^may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 |. \ I9 X: z, q( I8 W _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. T# Y2 G D7 ] p( v' H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or) G: e" _" ?: Q* N
female child who might come in contact with some-0 @$ X- _/ i; @9 N9 S8 Y
one using any of these products.8 k4 F3 @ {. b) C
References+ h4 g4 } }# P9 e
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 ^; Z3 x7 i3 ?7 q# ]$ \( k9 cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ @- q! Z) ` L9 [# jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ Y0 A. F5 |. U7 ^
2002: 565-628.8 p) _5 y# r0 l9 p- j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, q1 `5 R3 B$ e M
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|