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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! p( W9 |: [, E) o  \) s: @Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ p3 L' I: T- K: o! B; E" ]; i
Exposure to Testosterone3 W1 |# E6 L' A# x  r/ j9 N  z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 r3 Z% Z; d' ~) I2 s, iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ U2 I6 d" b9 t# r4 h1 x5 qClinical Pediatrics
0 o3 h  y$ m1 }. fVolume 46 Number 6& }3 b* \+ c0 O; S! R
July 2007 540-543( I; b6 b2 |( ?2 \. x; x
© 2007 Sage Publications" Z/ b8 s4 F! C8 f) l* K; S- D# D
10.1177/00099228062966518 @: J) l( R3 d
http://clp.sagepub.com5 M# Y# x) b: J3 ]1 M6 A4 _
hosted at6 H6 P5 O* L4 j) w% c
http://online.sagepub.com
' I2 a) [2 f1 Q$ b+ y. `7 xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% b% Z- N( O+ y- P! j0 Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central2 Y. Q) |9 B* X: f, v& G! U
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- R- I& p1 i! p& Z/ q4 Y8 ]+ @& K
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: M- ]6 \: x! f9 r* W: _
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 s$ E! w* K# o! C6 ^( Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# p/ N: ^9 q% R( _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; M1 B: k# {, ?1 d$ X/ P8 D. k' lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: A; {% Z6 ~0 B1 S9 s
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, U. J: }5 V8 [( L' a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& t. {, u2 c1 D; f  ]. l5 `
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) R5 O, U4 M+ s3 r! ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
! W5 s  i! T: Q0 b4 O% m3 l6 Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* i1 s! n7 m. o: X: m# U9 {8 V/ @' s
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( s- D& W! c0 `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& i# ~# A6 g6 D" o9 r) G+ A2 d( O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  a5 e5 I8 s+ U. H4 `& `' A& ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ T1 U# @9 ~% \$ M# U$ C
bly more common than the rare case report in the# m7 h( e: {3 E3 X2 W. ?- d
literature.45 ^  {/ C; t: Z5 A
Patient Report
6 ?# c! p8 E/ c8 F- cA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 F# [' @4 Z( d9 M& I( c' ]! wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# \, }7 a+ T7 q" d
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
) X5 Q: d0 b( j# b% Flight colored pubic hair development when he was
# k9 N# F) d7 `% {) o) B4 E2 S1 m5 UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 r* Y' E# @+ ?9 J$ r1 J
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 y) x6 a/ N3 [" I5 ]/ B/ }
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( e( Q- D4 @+ U* T1 j& T3 t: lProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
9 p7 S9 l% M/ P) [: ?& cMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' s9 L8 T7 g- H( }0 O( ?" K  ie-mail: [email protected].
* f( s3 s% z1 J% w" cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 m8 |5 q  \# ?) o6 S/ i8 [; C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* \  A- Q+ \, e6 V
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( L5 l6 ~1 [6 P! r% h- vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' s" \- L* G* b' M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% |- W: q# E& x- c' L. _' t
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" q% z! H& P; x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 N; h  X" G  i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. J& W6 _& n: x. X5 gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ o5 o7 Y) [( [, q! ^was age appropriate.7 {) m: c6 Y. s( _- n# Q, ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,: t8 W" M) F$ @" ~, O
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 y5 b# C5 O! |: z! Q* r
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# e# h2 m6 M3 }height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 |% g" \  X4 Y: q; Dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 x, g! Q% R! Q! z7 MThe father denied taking any other medication. The4 ^* ?$ g9 v4 L; ]* `$ O' y
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ \/ G& b! e) p: G0 x# Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 c/ ^/ K- m0 ]1 n: V2 H! `) V
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: _$ F8 M1 K& Y3 d1 p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! M& `. @5 o; m% n7 ctives. There were no siblings.) Z$ ]/ V7 x! x8 p. d2 g/ z' y" {
Physical Examination
' N8 v- B$ i) Y6 L% z7 {" hThe physical examination revealed a very active,' ^& D! h3 a4 b3 T; |; X7 g
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: p2 y; [' U) c# A  S0 _0 q" K% U4 k
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: _  ], P+ @" @2 [
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ v# |, j/ l7 ^- C7 |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 d, ]; n+ f, B# Rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 n7 U  D/ H% [7 `9 ^) C* E; Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% z1 N+ B# Z0 ^- `5 u! z+ H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% G* N4 U9 h7 Z( _; c% a# n
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 q5 V0 y" l" u' l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& W3 I, C5 W2 t' t# }% V# `developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 @! ?/ d* r  u/ r540
  ]0 `3 z4 G1 B0 n( Z# l* B  H- Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. a  E, o3 y" ]* `1 E! z* u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( \9 d8 W: H/ K  R; \
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: c" ^5 k: L& j% \% K
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 M7 _8 V2 p8 C3 k1 w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 }: J/ @, }8 K0 E* w& ~4 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& m! `. T2 k: y9 m# z
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 g3 b$ s6 {. T  b# qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' ?3 Z; N* R. t5 m# tof papilledema.
" m5 d* h) q% m8 B4 k( JLaboratory Evaluation0 Z9 r8 @" i+ k# p6 Y% \
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 Z$ \5 H) X( ~
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 |/ p; C4 n, a2 J" jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) Q+ v9 }" T2 O+ N$ v4 T; V
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ ^3 o2 I! n7 h; c4 X7 }showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 l6 Q1 b# P" }; M: Glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# l. e/ i5 E  ?  }
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' d* ^( {7 k. u7 }1 p
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 j! D. g. C6 G. F7 ?; f/ F
within normal range for his age. The concentration
, X; F* G0 P0 m; p' s5 J$ \of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 O7 p6 _: {, M, {8 y( {9 R
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ M. n$ C! @; h' k* S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: I8 i2 S& ~' q/ Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& N' Q  n2 M8 G; hdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) \9 ^  v# k; t! G2 L8 ~49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) ?* z! L9 t2 {5 U6 L" ?% Z7 M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 J# s4 u5 O' f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( L+ v4 u# I& A9 i) ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),1 i+ s; [% Q6 t0 X
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; f0 K8 P# E( r) j# H0 b! i" t
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  k5 ], @, x0 I8 r
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 c% H& q4 s& Q; w
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 Q9 b# R5 q: s3 ^; v1 i
(prepubertal).( x5 t! x; P! t% |
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 Y( l: k" Z# \& l7 `9 ^  Fresults and were informed that all of the tests were
$ X/ O, g0 ^1 t3 U1 L! A# bnormal except the testosterone level was high. The& ^1 e7 Q# j. H1 J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 f- q6 z5 H+ L1 \. S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& W7 M( ?% r& Yever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, w: y8 E: a1 [7 \Physical examination at this time revealed that the
7 J+ f, u  `+ D6 ]child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: M5 r1 D3 K' [5 J
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' P2 [; H: \" }# I' O& k) E- q1 Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' g% y6 V& w# L$ Ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 r0 d6 n8 Z3 n( E! J5 ^% w% o, e
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 C+ [% _$ J0 I' n& `0 j
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& B- C+ }" b- g( ]! ^. u  ~1 WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 M/ O1 Q$ X$ p7 F$ n
ing frequent erections.
. a" ^* l3 a% E8 s$ o/ \Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 J/ b/ t- X* c' p, Many ointment/creams that they may have applied to; p3 f" i/ h' P7 p5 ~# `, X
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- Q* A5 o5 v+ A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 k2 w( r' E& o4 M7 S9 x+ n8 K
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 Z1 i- L2 G5 C4 P. @ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- d6 R3 K- ?7 A( X/ ?: ^' K& b1 @
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 X+ Y* j  F& n+ N/ J$ Ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: N& j4 L/ S9 F0 E* F- D! v3 t4 @scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 ~9 T. e! _: P4 T: Bsecondary to depression.; K# q$ s' W9 D8 H, p5 e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# A. \" J/ f# s4 O5 e2 n/ m
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. C3 u7 c8 r* L) dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) _+ K, Y% j4 W3 Inificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% G4 g$ n# x. H- mThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
! V# a6 G, L% u8 {when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" K) [, Z+ ]. R  u- c4 U( y: [) d
was high, he then read the product information( L# _8 J6 ^  d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 g! c% N: g, ~0 v3 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ w% `- K' M" e; n; x2 Z6 cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 T) p$ W9 c' \# O% N- o8 ?father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" o  t) X& [& O, e+ ?: ]; l. vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, z$ H- H. ]8 G$ v, m* v" ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ E5 O2 R' ^( j) r# p7 W0 tlaboratory to obtain the test." l! Y% t3 `' L9 ?. i, ~
Discussion
& ]% M& R( _# HPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 M; }: A/ L1 n5 T( L0 _
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 l7 D- O7 @6 I( B( a* OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% k+ J: N* g, {# Zit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( a& _/ r& w$ M, f0 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' J" I* `8 z8 R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: g) e8 u7 @! c% }* jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is- b; m! A: F: D' I
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! F. U- f' Z& h3 n- H- Vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 p. G+ P, K7 a* l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 j7 H  [: g, dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 H; j! N6 @, Y6 E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( s" q. {6 Q6 x4 Q9 `0 q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% _5 b& [5 s/ V
gonadotropins.1,3  l( p. |4 L+ x
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 C5 N9 D5 s' _( y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; w' P6 \. v( m2 h1 \" |# mandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or. k: m2 ^: v( r& y; ?0 J$ j( p
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) d+ a/ ]# H" Q9 E7 Y& O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% F0 _9 S( P& [; o) E% q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ M* O3 w, O' T+ u: B, v# i9 L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 h. G! y1 z1 j& M' A
puberty in boys.3,4. Q! G7 h. h2 o) |; y' l* X
The most common form of congenital adrenal. l! U# q) H) n/ ^
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 z6 k" s4 q" a5 kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 a7 y6 u- }$ l  H. _+ Y3 uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 z$ m7 v  f( y3 e$ t8 F( l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* i& x  e8 U- I+ c, S; A+ fexcess.1,3
6 y. v% `9 a9 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 h: c  K! [- c: y+ L) c2 o542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 W: K9 O$ c& S/ c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 Y; J# c& C1 M$ V  ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; L0 Q  C, G: g7 {- y3 B2 J
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) f; Q3 ?3 o* y; v  n/ S' B$ p! H
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 Z. b2 d% w  ~& v  J5 Jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ C  U2 y" K; d; f/ i9 U9 Hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 k6 n9 G9 b# O. c5 Nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) M) w9 U6 g- J
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# N, Y0 ?% V& e" I( Upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 _/ G' }& z! I- Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& s! p" F3 a, e* [% J( N0 I1 ~6 W! w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 Q( }3 L1 h6 |8 G8 K  \# }males; therefore, other male members of the family6 B- S  C8 \7 ]( G5 G& \! v0 j
may have similar precocious puberty.36 r, I' ?1 q7 C4 b" H9 o% x
In our patient, physical examination was incon-! p% k/ I' i$ ]- f. i5 r4 B4 j9 n/ G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 H  r" `) o6 I6 Q6 a9 h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# r1 Y! R4 h6 `: J0 Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father1 p& x) E9 s9 O7 o9 W: q. k7 j; R
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& J0 c+ R" o8 D/ y) L# {testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# E8 |! o5 Q  E- R1 T0 s# Q  z# rbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 z6 p; g( z  Q- M" ?6 U: I/ ]  P
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ V+ D5 i9 J8 q# V( Q6 I* G% `biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  Q8 j6 f' l; P+ @either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 {" d8 n( j6 I, P2 c) Z5 z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: T3 w/ R* `0 Z% h( X$ S; `
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( L, C" l' }! YThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% w$ A. V0 v$ c3 dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( m5 @, J2 j* Y( f2 z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* y' i: b* J7 }, v9 `2 wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 L! R# h  y/ m! |: n* V* W  t4 ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& t% y& z1 ^8 _) }3 Q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; R( N* m1 ]$ N" ~, P0 ]
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 d% V# T4 }3 D. XDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( P( F: M/ ?3 v! A- c0 v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! S. {! g& e( D, B5 W* @2 {unprotected females through direct skin exposure.& r1 N7 P& w1 m4 H1 ]
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 l9 L' T9 b$ L3 c2 kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to1 }" p1 U- [, x/ G
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ z! z5 _3 F+ W/ v. u/ J$ w5 g- w6 jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-  A* i8 u% q0 n9 H$ N- }
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 S3 G, ?5 s1 o
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 J; u* {5 A/ d! m2 _% c6 s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  w) T' N- e  ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 L# ^+ ]: D3 \/ ?+ M+ ^terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ y4 Z+ \. n6 {8 X7 P4 @5 o* {
active in young children exposed to testosterone
- D* K+ H0 e7 q6 y, p5 z6 ]$ Pexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  V, z6 A0 p0 ]" R, Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 v  V! K8 C3 `$ B. V# hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: d( l6 |% M! i2 H: P
children results in an increase in growth velocity and1 }: O, R/ Z9 i  @4 B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 Q' [2 ]3 o" S" ]( R
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 H* F5 D/ X* V. F/ ]early childhood on pubertal development and final
  o3 y) w8 H$ ^  yadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 F$ m2 N0 {! x) l6 n; h3 Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
$ H& t$ u: P# d( D( N+ Vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& I% o! Z6 m; U9 [2 nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ \/ T$ s5 @  d: ^1 rcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- Y* e8 S4 ?/ v5 t2 C
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- V, n; w7 @/ U' r2 `" d
There are conflicting reports and controversy' h8 m, P2 P# n/ c( V. ^. |$ ?
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 |) M3 W7 C8 [0 y+ \4 J* d
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! t- ?. X* w$ K* {3 R; qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. a- k3 X) D3 eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 F6 \# l; g  U3 F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) m. b% H. t3 W6 C6 kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 E: b/ g$ L" U) n$ X% Zpenile length in clinical studies./ N4 j( n0 m+ V1 x: ~: G- j1 L, u; Y
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# b9 U# ]7 u1 q/ f7 r' T# q; K7 D
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 \4 O  `9 ]5 }; g1 ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  N. x' D7 x, f% V' a* m! W
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ E! u# M0 `; W  b# g' H8 e5 P
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 e% J+ d% _( l# [' d. {% Zdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% X& X9 d4 r! [5 }: {) T& o$ T% ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; Y0 K- A5 x* t; M$ G) a
height will not be affected.
# C& ^3 R4 |) N: U+ XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% U: O% \1 a* l4 o0 j! f
ability of androgen products in our society may: G/ R3 X0 f: r- b5 r& Q6 t+ I
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ H) P1 Y; T' u4 W/ A0 U" g& gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* K. o# U6 _& R3 g; v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 q6 r) O* I$ a8 H
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 A: ]* u9 m* z8 k( d  p% T9 S" tgel should be asked of the family members during
: _- d5 A! N1 C; d/ d2 Gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" I- v/ s4 h+ F8 f4 B% f# d4 W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: g! X. u  }1 `- }: f7 ~8 |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 J/ L3 z, Q9 b$ `$ w0 G% oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 {" l/ K6 p4 q1 C- uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ [8 m- Q2 E; ?, z6 e1 u: _" yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; M" |+ _( L& J1 l$ ~, \investigation. The primary care physician should be2 Q3 t' N5 p: n- S1 S+ y, d
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 t9 i+ t0 R/ ^may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 |. \  I9 X: z, q( I8 W  _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. T# Y2 G  D7 ]  p( v' H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or) G: e" _" ?: Q* N
female child who might come in contact with some-0 @$ X- _/ i; @9 N9 S8 Y
one using any of these products.8 k4 F3 @  {. b) C
References+ h4 g4 }  }# P9 e
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 ^; Z3 x7 i3 ?7 q# ]$ \( k9 cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ @- q! Z) `  L9 [# jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ Y0 A. F5 |. U7 ^
2002: 565-628.8 p) _5 y# r0 l9 p- j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, q1 `5 R3 B$ e  M
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 N0 i# O: q2 l, S3 m+ b5 LBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 a- n# L1 ~; w2 y  zExposure to Testosterone0 T. F; T* v9 Q7 s( \! |
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ H8 B) U9 O! X% S+ l2 w* s4 g
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 a7 y7 I. }" w9 p0 ?
Clinical Pediatrics4 C. g2 D3 p1 g
Volume 46 Number 6
2 V4 _, ]' p) {; ]July 2007 540-5434 @$ }. z7 L' J
© 2007 Sage Publications1 o3 _, K2 f- Q9 r2 E
10.1177/0009922806296651- A$ ]4 E/ z2 [& O
http://clp.sagepub.com
) x/ D' d* u7 ~* U. _+ q$ H# ohosted at
1 s$ e8 }! R" P( t  D+ u# |; J* f2 Dhttp://online.sagepub.com0 L* T5 x9 F/ ?& Y$ w" y
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 X* |2 N# n4 N6 p2 ois a significant concern for physicians. Central' \' B) D& {! v
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) a+ M' b2 V" T9 ~8 Z) \
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, e' x# K3 z  p/ N! `% {( Q- u( S# ]
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
) H$ \2 s5 \9 k, slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% @5 a* O" w# w6 t4 D1 _# p/ v
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ X( i) K! I4 |8 b+ b( ^) A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- O! A" w9 d. i$ s$ S, Y, pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We7 V) c4 B1 s  R2 K  P- g
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& c$ q4 |# P5 Q9 v9 ]4 m
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' }2 N4 ^) B+ g9 a& {: q3 u1 W
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 N* F! k8 |- u: L) z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( K. D( h. ?) _3 B) I- a$ Xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 Q& T. r, c, rmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 q! h$ l2 d; D6 ]. z. w; V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ G7 L. t% R! n" x! u, J
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* {& K5 r5 D+ G7 }/ q- @8 w% Pbly more common than the rare case report in the- C( e$ U" A, d
literature.4
! S9 Z/ B2 O% q( r$ ^; sPatient Report
- K* m1 N  J; d1 r* nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. b9 v- @  h. E/ A4 Vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ O. N3 r$ r- Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed( u. d. P5 L) \, C
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& g% E6 [5 ^& v2 JFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" {& I8 b& W' S) {+ \( I, `; JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 ?9 t4 {4 J- @( Q7 d/ l% A
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
6 p$ @6 _9 t8 w# V9 qProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ q. A, ]0 N; t: s- H0 H
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 ?5 ]# Y) v3 e1 ne-mail: [email protected].: F. A& L% }9 O+ l" y- B& B- a0 {" h" }
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 q7 L1 H  y3 t9 w! t8 Q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( R/ H. K" Z; I! N% [  Ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' n/ o% _  m) ?2 K2 zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, A2 y# @& t  wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 ^2 R) X, n0 v' M
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 L6 P: c1 Z( Q1 L4 T, O+ `5 ]5 x& xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
/ ?4 K4 @0 I% m1 n: K2 Tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* G! m$ L1 _- i: g  M+ a
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  i- m  x( F& Nwas age appropriate.
( B- y7 ]. F; {- K1 m% tThe family history was remarkable for the father,; R- l" D" M3 a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) h# ^- H; p7 c, c& V
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 @9 B$ x$ _1 X; d$ Q; a4 g( y% theight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: }$ O5 g- l; K; T$ J/ E( c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 B2 L2 i0 j2 ]; ~5 n- Z* ^4 W6 P/ sThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, u9 e8 Z" ^# H  {  i' v9 Ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% D/ p& g0 s7 M7 E0 _was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 J1 g3 K* I1 Y0 t0 W% }* d5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  q/ c, ^4 j- d- \& T
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-/ I7 h7 v! [4 {0 b' F: Z" |) _
tives. There were no siblings.( U4 a" ]' m! g1 A
Physical Examination3 N" V9 S$ q7 b+ T9 z& p: o) X
The physical examination revealed a very active,$ M6 x' L# k; {0 }8 C  P2 Y) N% [9 p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 `# i% n6 P8 t+ t( v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" _$ w! q( u/ h90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ S4 o3 z& q' P# X(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ O) Q6 g8 D0 w9 K% ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' w* Z/ y& i/ ~' U# F- w/ J7 }the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ t. x2 e1 B* }' Q. F1 oThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' a: v+ H: `' F1 o; Denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 `7 v. B$ R% C  d
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. h" R: e" B" P$ W4 P/ V: u; Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" c2 m! O% r1 b2 F( f, n5401 _& x, c2 L$ w6 @7 a$ @
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& p  [5 F3 ?& c) o" x
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; o1 p6 q, h5 H5 J& f, k* H
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 H. A( d. u9 s' V+ OThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 F3 L) y1 |  B1 [' h1 d1 ^% Zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- S$ P0 _! ?6 C- c. D' `
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& b7 E# D; N' A' JNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+# s  v7 Z3 f9 Z0 a5 Z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) \& }! ^% _6 c) E1 A( Sof papilledema.
( Z1 I) _- }- e6 X; N: G0 CLaboratory Evaluation! j  ^# D# `4 W. ^) t6 x
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 j/ |' [* t/ S* I, E: rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% ?% o4 \4 C* plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: u" u; B1 B- D4 @8 N0 E. S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' d1 o/ ?* b  p" i. @showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, c' k' C4 k. ?4 Z1 d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: h+ h* m+ }0 y/ m  wThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 C; R' U8 W" H% m! ^* ^; X) z# k( nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* j, o; N" `1 R& m, _3 n
within normal range for his age. The concentration
2 o( D0 M" ^/ M7 V4 ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 @' i/ c8 T6 \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20& x8 B, p8 H& _( y1 Q) R- }9 V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 ?% ]3 g; G# Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# c7 t6 s3 t, R7 d$ t7 k# e" \: `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 K& o( d5 o4 \4 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 a: t, M& a* q* uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* z. C$ k5 |# @2 C4 j4 F3 V
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 H8 }. ~/ f# e+ I  M5 w5 P
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 O6 r3 y3 }' q, [5 N; u/ _$ C7 F) f- H9 j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' y& T& Y( U* |) l: `- d/ ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 L6 |: F4 [: b) k/ X4 T2 t
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- b# Y! y! L# e' @4 R8 O* j
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' z4 v% l: w6 T' T
(prepubertal).
8 K  \. S; k* n0 E7 F; T1 R: V" AThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ E. }. B; L5 A: k5 |
results and were informed that all of the tests were& T  w: d  Y1 E8 t
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 Z3 w3 }' ^, bfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) w6 h, T4 Y- @. k& w6 o% n) yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
' V* a5 V/ z& Z2 Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.' g2 S1 l5 J9 @# W1 c; x& j) O
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ N/ s/ N4 @/ `6 u: j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 `2 J+ L0 Q5 f# m$ z
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 J0 w: U7 m. p3 Q7 T; J, w8 nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ r$ b& O6 H; rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ f# `* D' i( f4 `- ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 O! n0 i6 K% z; s$ z! NmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.) {* Q* e7 X. [( C. _: l2 j& ?. W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; [' y# v. I. d# e& V* D0 k6 S6 c
ing frequent erections.$ F" C1 u8 d9 c2 x7 l3 X
Both parents were again questioned about use of& H! _9 |! u5 o* G- i+ C/ I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' b1 {! a4 E% C6 Pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* ?2 K" A& C% {1 u2 e1 h$ O' E0 HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! m8 g- ]9 p* v* k+ s- S) Q) f6 A
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ ^/ U9 h* i: _( ^7 K6 \3 y" G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ U0 t/ n( V+ K' l
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 E9 i/ x; v! B% }" B* zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! F. y2 F* L$ t9 m* Pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  D6 [# T; r- v# k1 [secondary to depression.( I; C' r0 Y9 `* v4 N- U
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 \9 c& B' g- G+ }The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* l2 w: d8 Q2 |+ K0 j- x# Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 J' t8 O6 z! J9 g( @: @5 bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
2 t0 e0 c& @, @+ ]1 nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,, Z2 q; X2 g1 C, M% n' s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
$ |" S: B0 f& N# m% p6 fwas high, he then read the product information+ R' p9 Q- h& E$ J( J
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! [  P5 V. Q( |
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 s- n4 r2 X: ~' }decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) j) n; ?+ @3 K% w+ n
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had. X1 ~4 [5 j3 R1 O. e# B& V
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& p2 @: k% |3 I* V5 wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ O9 Q' k: ~: k5 P7 Vlaboratory to obtain the test., U2 c3 ~' l7 D  G# t* J' g
Discussion2 s0 }  a$ B7 s+ K8 ]4 u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 K/ B( a! K1 ^7 V; Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 g  p) F! u5 Y( C. t5 q' kPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when+ \) @; i0 ~2 D' J. H/ A8 L( B! C) J
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 B$ j4 l6 z$ C% O& @' V4 ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 }% R% T5 s" u
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 z0 A( E4 W% u1 M+ K
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% Y, N* v. D* z1 h" Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 M6 K# c& R- B2 Q- ?3 H* i9 I' S, F
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ F; O' |2 I/ X4 k$ E  D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" t' N& k" k! y1 zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- ^7 f3 I5 K- {: N) mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 W8 K9 x% t$ brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" R) Z; ]1 V% N! s) `/ J! j
gonadotropins.1,3' _* m* `' V) P$ A; \" w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ T# l3 A" W# ^) K* b
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ f# E9 u4 h/ u+ c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  b% p1 N7 I# b2 Q$ Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 K2 b7 {. ^/ M4 r7 A, }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing5 t2 P8 {) R" \8 n
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
, K" G: I# M7 a( p$ ?$ |adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: X3 L! H) I: X  ^
puberty in boys.3,47 ^& k  M: |0 E- z
The most common form of congenital adrenal/ `& j; `1 R, U  L; q( D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 W5 b1 v( a4 B/ I7 O. p( l9 ]
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* b+ ^1 K2 d& {% D" ?+ Y4 b! W$ I
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" j9 t1 V/ R( `an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: v+ k  W/ Q5 E) e( _
excess.1,3, K! C8 |/ Q9 b0 b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* g! @; x# B  P: |7 Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
; d  h+ u" e" G; |A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ i$ ~; g; l4 A  ~; b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
! X  c- t6 m) d2 |as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 l" [! ^0 d1 h) r
very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 q0 M# ~& G; A; M/ l
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! I9 o: \* X% L+ k( Q
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' ^& }, U; _) L- y. S" }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( d, i& G) n/ K8 ~! K5 pare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- T1 [  B$ N! q9 T4 P) B. Apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% c1 B8 f( U6 }- B% k0 H2 D2 V. y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ X1 n( {8 F! \1 ]5 d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% _) i" x% C6 f4 Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
6 f6 ?8 ^: k! Rmay have similar precocious puberty.39 |8 g0 J; I2 L7 r+ U- {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 X7 t; D$ p' I' z3 x" q% _/ G9 Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* H0 @) p# r; W& Y' Rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ \4 a2 `- u% x3 J  l1 Wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father" I5 A6 ]# `: T9 ~/ r/ ?7 j
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! }. W( c/ n1 U& i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the1 r4 x9 A5 G$ X( t( P
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# X; O0 z# n8 V5 R  a' h' e
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# s* w. p4 b+ X( z& }biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 K% U5 A4 _! ?) [- g% Neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. ^0 U; G1 c. N# Ndeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 {5 L6 ~  f" p8 N: |  t
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 L" _& g3 k" @* A7 R1 \/ ~6 n
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! [; m: j" r/ H8 l0 S2 M
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: L+ `% v4 }; ^9 C6 Sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 i- M# J9 P/ A  K7 v
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) D; L$ O( p) T7 R# |2 t4 s
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  Z% s& u, f: x
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) m/ f; A. ^' A+ \. n# S! ?/ d" x
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
  I9 n! p$ i* `, gDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, G8 N: |2 ~% D  c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: M$ e0 j) q, B3 r1 \$ Hunprotected females through direct skin exposure., N  E5 \5 ~. r  `; O
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ ^. F- u$ T+ ~9 `' Ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to
. L" p: ^. \- Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. {% Y  ?- P1 G
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 x  p% |4 l# Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. x% k2 c8 @4 W, COur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& V) y" z3 N0 X: Y, ^7 B- @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 T2 T( S3 Z/ o$ {) F1 [  {' ^' ]
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
4 c7 Q! ?" X3 qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 P+ p7 C9 ?& qactive in young children exposed to testosterone, U- l' i- K# r% `# ^0 w
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. I; {, b# [; g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* ]+ r9 y2 i& n1 R
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 ?. x) S# c% b& Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 q% k8 u6 z/ D. Tadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ g7 \/ H) f; p' Y( f/ K9 IThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
  }& Z: i0 D: c9 |; Cearly childhood on pubertal development and final" q6 {6 {8 f0 ^$ r
adult height are not fully known and always remain
" D9 \9 d( A4 T) @' qa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( ]& w( e0 M% d5 G. Vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& c/ j1 |3 |& F6 ?
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* i; ]2 Z$ ?! D$ fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; g# K7 U: H4 t7 \4 ]  {decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 u0 l. K/ [( w8 DThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  s" E0 G% `. R1 _1 I$ l$ Wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 v; ^6 g  [! V3 t" U' I) I: Q4 e  r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal1 }! u9 [: |) h0 w2 q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. @- \; h1 X1 ]3 v9 g% [0 [' [; gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 t% G. T) h% j) l0 v9 k
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between* i' O) z. c- `6 g7 v$ M
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 B8 {  p* P! V7 C) L8 M3 Z- Jpenile length in clinical studies.
, M  k' i  T0 ^& Y- Y" i+ F5 RNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ b" [" g4 P7 Egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 V9 }3 h. P0 ^* g3 c: jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 R' l6 l% w5 m! N$ Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* x) \% _' w/ z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 K9 h, N, W2 v! J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at3 U1 H& w2 x1 p  T: `' @
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 t3 S5 _+ R: @
height will not be affected.: c! O/ T; W9 F" r' {
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& C6 H: R  z4 I0 V. q5 v
ability of androgen products in our society may
: E- d8 |, ~4 m8 M: _. s5 T) @indeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ A  ^5 S8 \* c( J5 r0 F: Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) b1 h" j! I) Q: Agen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 R. _5 I/ M. h& P- O# I6 b: }tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  M- X% t2 e) K0 ]. D8 J" igel should be asked of the family members during
9 Q0 [' ]  M+ e& M& Uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: ~& m: O+ E# f* M3 ^* n0 }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- v3 j& x0 U3 U( m; y: [; r
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; o5 W' D  \. v9 g( X8 d2 X2 T& d- Gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a5 Q( o4 l) ]$ \; F
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 @/ |* V- c7 O. F# E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 M" }/ d* s* T; `+ sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* A* q0 O  h) S. W( j8 x+ C
aware of this fact, because most of these children1 I6 W" y8 L% u/ u7 F' e# x# R9 w
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 @; G+ z  o, H& _; |6 IDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) d6 L7 h. U# E2 X) @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 O( ]5 N# D6 F; u, c
female child who might come in contact with some-1 s& G5 @4 ]. w! D
one using any of these products.
) o! ~4 ^6 ]& i) QReferences
' w& t! S0 m' T1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* ]8 b& Q' U; C  g9 y' w5 Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: N# A% w: W. i( a
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  R" X- P1 a/ F% R' O
2002: 565-628.9 j5 a1 \* w* X2 W2 h
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 s) r% S9 {' d$ mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
6 n1 B# Z2 t/ u4 @, Z! o  }
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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