WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) T3 g. N; B  R0 |Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# x4 j& e0 d  v- t% P8 JExposure to Testosterone
9 {: x; b8 ?# Z% {1 }( s2 ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- ]: x/ n- K7 |5 f9 ^: uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, n! f4 x' x( z9 P! w3 ~0 ]1 A4 r/ {
Clinical Pediatrics1 u$ v8 ?2 B$ B+ f
Volume 46 Number 6- ]3 K8 i8 b' I4 C& M
July 2007 540-543; s- z9 V) R, q" F
© 2007 Sage Publications
* B" J4 j" }- H6 i10.1177/00099228062966518 d, X1 Q" m1 u  V! Y; @
http://clp.sagepub.com
1 w* e1 \1 _" X! a' B* i' A; [hosted at! r6 b) h5 b' ?' m
http://online.sagepub.com2 O. U, }) \+ {  c7 D5 Q' M
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: H( [7 o+ G" j% ^3 s  @
is a significant concern for physicians. Central' b8 m0 T, q5 a9 o. O; u
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 u3 w# ?' ?$ z) ^4 qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 @6 h0 Y) [) y( P3 G! z5 Ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system. k1 U; e7 m5 G3 i+ h
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 [1 g6 z2 [0 t2 M4 k! Eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% `" S4 u  ~9 O" N- |. i; thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 w# h' Z! D; f6 h: Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) L. J" R+ E; W6 p
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the* f9 u. Q. V! B7 s* [0 u) N$ m
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: J1 R0 @; Y0 @+ p7 q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due! l4 m, L* d# _. s8 n, b4 G. G7 i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% Q  B# W- r. c- r5 cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 w# a- S+ g1 Q) U' b& G( Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 Y) `, l6 c! H( {( `6 E$ v* ?child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# C0 `, \" z! [7 D. z+ n0 Y8 [" U9 V
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 J( V- X( R( m2 k/ i7 p
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 m" e( W; k9 q4 ?) T, W
literature.45 I' m5 e' G6 g& _' z
Patient Report4 I8 F8 }# r9 r" a
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 h. d- n# l: s& G) D" {endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& N- s3 f- Y3 `" @: i& F# u: E7 y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 W  v) u& @1 J8 g
light colored pubic hair development when he was* Q5 X3 T2 c3 k' ^
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
2 x, R5 ^! _- YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ |! \# N- _2 cAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! _$ A: Y8 N/ o. V! j1 d3 s7 a
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ `6 h: V' V# i
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# a6 O: h. O  f* s3 Ue-mail: [email protected].
2 w- v- B/ |  @: v% |about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ d. E, J3 o$ ^+ X+ B  I" n
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- ]* s1 L* b" x$ }) ?% f$ M3 |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 ~  v4 l; @/ Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 t; f! |8 _$ l" z) V$ m
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: O0 W( m9 K+ `' T& |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 t  x1 U2 b% A) ^2 i- x, pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 e/ |9 }/ o* W! esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- v7 ]7 P) v. ]0 {( W% H& zand his psychosocial and psychomotor development* m% U! U' g$ z4 ~1 T. P( \- T
was age appropriate.
+ v' |4 J* f. E+ V; HThe family history was remarkable for the father,
) C5 E- u% \0 D9 R1 u4 Uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ W, `! p1 n; @2 T% N$ |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' M( k: a8 G% ]2 |# y: Mheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' g# r5 d/ G% w- U$ b: |  uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 @: g- ^0 }" M  Y, Y, P# J+ `
The father denied taking any other medication. The5 G7 R2 }6 W: ?7 t5 J6 M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche+ U7 X5 ?- U1 [$ o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- z# I9 |' w% O: i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 L0 _6 Y8 Z; O. N# l9 J5 j' jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' r/ o6 ^7 b) Q0 J, m: r4 a
tives. There were no siblings.; W2 I# K8 T# H6 Z) V
Physical Examination1 w5 c3 @' I) \2 g' l
The physical examination revealed a very active,
9 I3 }8 r" D8 L! Cplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 x/ s2 s- K/ R) e8 o  w& _, a- sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; L) Q" ]3 C1 u! [90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 Z4 g) N- o4 f' y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# ~' w4 |6 @' @" _" F
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' e" y" [- A' x* A' Zthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% r- j: f+ S+ C" P+ `
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ l& Y' O% ^2 f! [; D
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 y7 `, E5 b0 [. R" q  e, R! L
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 @8 o( k! e8 v; c
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& X8 C; u3 Q7 a; ]7 E3 `. R( }
540
- Z! A- ], H( i. U6 _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: y" p+ t/ u' r. Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 X1 Y5 V- C! q# B
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; i5 h% ]* o6 F: t5 tThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% @$ p  V# h7 c* d/ d% o! f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# J9 v4 ^2 `1 \3 c* b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( I; D7 w2 t  L, k5 {
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 @/ M  Q$ d1 e  _2 j; `bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 B! r3 l, r* Z) e2 s
of papilledema.
, s* d/ J/ w5 c8 N) g* ALaboratory Evaluation5 [/ t* P$ a  j7 ]
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* l9 i6 q. p2 ]0 D/ |3 jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% s" X% f7 g( J' k2 n, Q1 P3 Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ X4 L* h/ e. A! G0 @karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  u) g1 k3 b5 S' V) Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
7 X: O/ `5 S7 Y$ ?* y- hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 i1 _8 v: [  `The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood  ~. y; e. ]  V, W( l
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 V7 C/ o0 U1 Y( }% K! n' ~! K3 Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration4 J0 B) K% G- ?+ d: z" @1 B
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& x; i  N3 Z# r& N" z- U( x. n
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. a' m0 R7 |% u* i7 z* f( dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 x, s! s- q% b- dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 H+ p0 _- y: F6 f" V) A' G. ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 v- c  l. P; w) q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 R( M; c4 Y4 O; ^& V. X, U& rwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# R/ E8 V% K" ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 d5 F7 ]& |2 C: ]% [
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; q6 [8 w! Z5 X' ~: y* v
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- ]& Q( E) }! y1 O  W8 W5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' t9 I: V/ |  s; xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ f/ y& ^# S2 r! k# c. u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL( S. z/ T7 a4 I# c* N( N* F
(prepubertal).
% b0 q$ o3 v8 |4 GThe parents were notified about the laboratory
1 [! F+ }7 h; y4 Tresults and were informed that all of the tests were$ G  l. l" r& \0 Q7 ~$ T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
. e1 J" `2 ^; Q+ R6 }% U' wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" U# q+ `: c# C! Xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, M1 S; I& A: v1 T9 Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, ^. ^) B, O$ p, qPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
; U7 ^$ f8 m. E% L9 \" f+ N6 Rchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 b- q; E/ I  Q: }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained% n0 @4 {' A3 u4 L" `  [
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- }' Q. B7 V  Jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 g* O* a" R2 R1 _# M# }( W! ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, d4 j- ^. I; p. M4 O. u# LmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
  [/ {/ ]8 O* o7 E# D. x" lThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ |6 B* M( L5 ving frequent erections.8 E1 p" K) @- r  z( R; Z4 Q7 r; b
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 ^2 C) {" Z# n/ {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% ^& ]8 a, ?' @8 h4 j
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the$ p9 F& A3 @0 C  h; S" E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ V+ i; s. J1 \4 w' c' m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: |: C) ^6 J$ p" B- a( ^ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- H+ P# `) s6 Y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 B: z: N  Q7 B" D5 E
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 l0 M: l# U+ X9 iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 ~/ t; I: P7 q5 Q* Y  z6 G0 y& y
secondary to depression.. D- L3 g8 E+ p/ _  W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
5 o( ?. {$ G  _' F- nThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 }6 D5 N6 o; p- F% F% H, Schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-5 U7 e0 {( ]$ `7 K) h! b
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.$ _6 K( d0 a4 Y, Y& Y+ w
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, {% I; j8 ]. L+ ^- M9 o. O3 U
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 `1 t" b' ]- }) q5 ^0 x; Y" Q
was high, he then read the product information4 s. j; _, U8 w8 |" i2 }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 ]3 J* ^4 ?$ L% ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& I6 {* u8 O) C: I
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 r( D" M. I4 z2 t; |# m9 zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 B5 v! s9 l8 h# q# J' X/ Z
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. \2 ^- b& t( ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the* K2 S6 @, ?2 [! v- O; q; {
laboratory to obtain the test.( A/ `  F+ w+ q
Discussion" O* Q- x! F$ u. i- n, B
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ q# {3 ]3 \+ m0 S$ gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, L7 @9 }( m& D8 I  ?4 g/ sPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
/ b: h; t. R9 A, Rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ s8 _% x3 R* V& N* Q3 {0 s' V
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 C8 e/ o2 W6 R9 cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 `8 j6 Z  E" f0 U  w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is& i$ U- g$ T4 @/ z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" t; s' m/ H4 F* jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! i: |1 i. b9 U4 S& y1 [, |! D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in! _; R0 _( L+ `  Y5 I
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. ^" [$ G* F$ p% O" F3 Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# e$ @# {; C8 P6 f& I. q+ Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 \4 c( J8 F( S2 y1 C0 ngonadotropins.1,3: [4 l& x9 E/ {4 i: P: V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
. H) ^( b' l3 P; K9 ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate6 \% i& D5 Y- F  p, s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  c+ H" }$ j2 p2 b, h' p$ wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ r8 U0 Q# y% _0 j- A8 |/ U- Uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 _; ~) e8 m/ n5 j3 z6 econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 t2 r/ W6 O, |- n; w% |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& H+ h7 d* p- f+ L6 i8 q. U" N8 S
puberty in boys.3,4
0 I- Q9 a9 Y  W( J8 \+ [( SThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: [  ?  i" S6 F4 S1 b4 @hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 I- v, `1 Z2 `( U; M1 @- d3 x
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 x/ Y# s$ S+ w: m1 wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, H! S# N1 }* ]
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 I& M+ O# F5 _# Z6 e9 uexcess.1,3
, x0 W$ `+ |' x! f5 y7 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 m2 {, u/ s( N& o  U+ [6 W) f( K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# _  i  ^6 \9 v9 E5 g! Y/ R
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 \& x! p9 J# M. c) x0 ?independent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ n6 o3 q# K( {* |2 Q) M1 {as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# Z4 w8 W$ d: s: J. [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 O) r7 i- N9 L  ?3 Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
! _0 s9 Y: A- q  a, O, M) C- ?! xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 t! ~: b9 H1 V  g- l6 G
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* H- q  N0 _# T" \are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( k6 f. S+ a, j( h( b: [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
" ~# o# }1 R- greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) \, S) _* [* x9 v. l! z# }autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* W* `" g7 ]! X3 ?1 X7 Dmales; therefore, other male members of the family- _8 m. Z: L* h. p! n
may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 a- p$ a6 s' fIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ X( b! n8 c/ r1 q7 q. y) Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* O; c8 b) z: n& f9 ]7 ?* G$ fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ h6 `' u& i/ H1 {0 c7 a% A
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
# s9 }5 Z* T( Q1 L6 G4 E( _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 M  Z; l) G! d0 ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" M& d9 I5 A; e1 u; {beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 H' ]* ]- A( L9 u( V! iative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 ~$ C. U0 C* f9 V# U4 ibiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% t9 Z: y/ k! |; T1 H& f$ {" z2 A2 n
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ B$ B0 X" m1 Z' v6 o
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ S% ?* j( p& f- F% R5 q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 ?( c8 C& ?& x
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( w8 I( t" u7 |! M
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* k5 A3 y3 F" w3 f  R! w/ J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ a5 |" D7 T$ g& t/ }5 Cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 Z% o/ K; X* bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 z; k9 p) N. kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was3 }5 N% W/ @9 v6 b4 a  Y* D, |% q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 R; v$ S/ S% h, h7 s& a9 b; NDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ u: w7 R) U1 _1 w
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 M/ z5 y- W1 _unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: w* }. t9 b0 l% A9 Y  cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 _# s6 w, E9 S- G1 x' c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to" {' X2 M$ w" v) D6 _' P
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, u, b9 Q2 {" l, i$ g& M
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' d/ Y5 A/ G4 L6 P8 z* W: R7 mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 G# Q4 ]& J, \; p3 O9 w) }$ u# qOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 b9 p3 R5 i: Q, Y% Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  E1 D/ d+ ]$ wdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; @) r3 d, N1 w
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more  b" f/ I* c4 y2 D& _5 q, ]# C
active in young children exposed to testosterone( Y! Y: g7 f# K( g8 z1 o6 @3 F" r. s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# @0 J8 t5 B' S% \* [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 V3 X$ J2 ]# F0 V
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% T1 c0 B& I/ b. ?' L  A: H. |( m
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- w3 H5 }7 V# tadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 N9 E7 N8 U& }0 `
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ Y( Z6 F$ }6 c8 V3 Y$ o
early childhood on pubertal development and final
1 a/ p3 _. M/ @2 `0 yadult height are not fully known and always remain: v  I. T/ I2 n% F* `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. g2 D" N. x# ]+ S2 qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ [, J/ Z7 C# O9 i
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% G0 p" R; ]6 `" pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 ^* f: p- h6 l0 Z0 ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9/ k. Q, z" o" Y. N
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ }% ~( k# F* tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult$ Z- z7 `  n; Z; A' v9 z( Y- R6 i9 m
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! N4 i0 H; k* p7 h' @* [; Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 Z% @: X1 @4 wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) w) n. w$ O$ m/ V* \4 g3 s& jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 q0 e: E$ A- }4 B" K
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' [/ M6 s$ T8 {! \" mpenile length in clinical studies.9 k4 E: R6 e2 D; [, u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ W* ^/ F; x) o5 o& S5 K% {! E, p) @& u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( t! E; h6 C% f/ ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 M  p9 S' [9 G+ Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 D$ J. x# m4 _" Z. ?$ \8 {Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 o+ T0 a$ s5 e; h3 T4 c7 t! C; ~) n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. f) u" k) f/ m0 w5 d: l/ othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 D* v! [/ J) t$ q+ s# d& Pheight will not be affected.( @1 L8 N, D8 L) W$ O1 g
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* U- v8 V  i7 r: \5 Q
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 N, G3 A' P/ _( ]indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ m+ k- e; {2 v' G! Y! Achildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& S5 Q1 L! I7 G+ x
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
# \0 }5 V0 d3 X# `6 vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 g: G  w' D- _$ x5 d
gel should be asked of the family members during
" s' M# Z% F! h- c8 M2 }the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* t8 j, g; K0 V3 J( T; _ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ K; w/ d- K: X; T1 Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by( ?& i3 M/ h3 ^. l# R8 G
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  K. {+ f# W: q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 X: Z' m9 p; Z7 N  bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 Q; |  K( [3 G
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 D1 A# o& {2 O+ A
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& W/ m2 J& x) k" ~. h+ ]6 m" I0 imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 ^5 ]" ]. R+ z) G2 T; b/ UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a7 m6 y. ?+ j6 a% K* C
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, T# M* [, b' g& |' Y  I; y( ]female child who might come in contact with some-: H. s1 d1 z! _' }4 e( y
one using any of these products.- M, e, E& D. }3 Y7 X8 n# G
References& M" a% X# y/ ?% t* ~& M0 j
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ k) c" {: L' \. e/ k$ ~5 B  M1 r% I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 n% q9 O! \& [4 f' W: v/ ~1 @
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* O" @3 G# g6 l' w, l& f) A2002: 565-628.
! h5 w& z0 j. R  ]2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious; w' z, b# w2 ~$ s$ E  Z! d
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 }! q- q6 `' v: h- r3 o  nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ X9 l: o8 _8 V/ m6 iExposure to Testosterone
5 P6 K& t  y9 Q3 qSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ r; I6 o. M% Z) D" S* d) {
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- Y* p) k- [: c' h, o: `1 A; W4 C8 sClinical Pediatrics8 E' H$ p7 q& g
Volume 46 Number 6
+ M! O; s9 ^8 A$ l* [' H% i. w5 R2 _July 2007 540-543
  |5 {3 D8 a9 y6 \& x' J© 2007 Sage Publications9 V/ K6 F1 o7 a
10.1177/00099228062966510 N9 g6 y' w2 y2 p& ~6 F# T4 ?
http://clp.sagepub.com7 D8 V1 A3 q% [  t4 w
hosted at. p% j, D! {) K* v: M! T) S7 |
http://online.sagepub.com6 w/ m7 Y* K' G  U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) [1 \2 Y& a: P$ b, n6 ?) m
is a significant concern for physicians. Central: E) w; k4 X" u& e: q3 B  l
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: B8 L& P$ U- }+ t9 bthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% o+ z! }) \8 _5 i' |8 S6 r$ Ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- [. d/ C+ v3 U) hlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* o0 T! {/ S4 d1 Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 d  y3 I$ c5 Y9 q( Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( ?5 Z5 Y* j, P4 u
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; Y% C7 j# X( o5 {: \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& ~; r; I& p" @enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
1 o) k! f+ I6 }* Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 I7 K: E4 t" Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 ?- N, M- _1 R1 E8 R5 d9 t* Tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 a% M6 F0 D1 a* A7 y2 xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# L) J4 i2 v$ D7 V" T
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of* W  s0 n, K! b8 V" {
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( v' d. @3 b8 f1 _0 f0 M8 mbly more common than the rare case report in the
2 i& h1 Y/ N6 j; ~4 Oliterature.4% e0 _& y& B( q3 G! j! v
Patient Report9 {. d3 r' _" z+ F& m
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& B  |) j4 N' V& s4 b( aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 H5 C, r6 E: `# ]& l
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; W, X# C0 u7 B5 C; k- x! plight colored pubic hair development when he was+ B+ R2 _' C# i! \7 q: K
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, V/ H" o1 r1 ~+ \- Y8 RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. G) E# _) n4 c! J
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: A7 P0 g  H/ J/ Z* I* PProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& p) t# z" N  x5 e1 A! Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 V) }* |( D5 Y# ?0 i% h  ue-mail: [email protected].2 _1 Y; f* J# B
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& V) T9 c8 }- m5 t+ C" t+ R6 xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 s0 ~6 h- f, R7 u  I8 jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. B: e' `$ s" i. D! U( Z0 [was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& o, Q) y/ n: K/ O3 D$ W. r
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ i: H) a3 L1 x20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 x) v6 r9 v& f  V( ?3 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' }, G5 c, @# lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 `. r! V6 B5 k. G2 Q2 Aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development- v1 W6 X- f- Z) ^$ p- `
was age appropriate.+ \* G" M- `$ c; a5 p
The family history was remarkable for the father," K) K  e. J# X
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& n' x; N4 R0 Y3 t1 G" Cwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 ~& _& p- Y5 f2 m) W
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, M8 Y$ Y& r5 k9 y0 s7 V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' @9 [8 V7 ?2 k! o! eThe father denied taking any other medication. The
9 K6 h, P* |1 M  y3 ^child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- r( m4 Q. ]( \8 @# u0 E% w) }was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 z5 U4 N' M% _; Y7 N
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: D' S8 n* C4 j: `% ~+ U$ Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 D+ Q6 R7 R; ~- i5 c$ p1 H1 qtives. There were no siblings.
) ^% d+ F' O" lPhysical Examination
% X2 J4 d- T. tThe physical examination revealed a very active,
; A5 G/ ]% c- ~1 H/ }8 Mplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( Q( \" C7 ?, D, R# ^, S, b( u2 \a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% a8 a$ `. x! L' h$ a, e; K" s90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- A$ n5 m( L. w" E$ `' E+ Y: \5 E- z
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 F0 J; i. P3 n# \velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& V. n9 s5 s. j
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 M$ V8 P. C$ ?5 x0 V* J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 \+ m" ]; J4 e! f! p9 Z& C- E
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 B: X2 U7 m. [8 l, ]/ W* }" Y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 c6 P% ^# ~+ g0 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. J; _& [- ^( v5400 s7 [7 m( C: y. i4 g+ D  E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( S. @8 A; t0 o
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% r; G( t- `* N# a. ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 f, Y, G1 `6 r1 U: RThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 R% x! ]* ~& W+ j; ^  C& A) ~& {oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* Z8 p( k. Z- b# y; j) z2 @) ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 M7 `; K$ B5 ~- }; ?Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 b: T, t6 F1 ~bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, Z4 m, F: M$ k3 Y% J$ Lof papilledema.5 y3 w7 F8 w% w$ t8 q
Laboratory Evaluation
* ?, P5 V' q, J- Z, cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 r7 Z8 w* R, E3 C  Lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" l3 s1 t4 X' E* A) ^! k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. V3 @. D! g, x6 x* a  a
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* [! x. r0 u+ I8 t) y0 u: u
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! G- W9 w' L5 a& e  k" W" W
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( _( i( m& ?6 ]( C$ |" r  q- v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( B/ a$ y8 o; surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ i2 ?2 ?( R# F& q$ Q, Z3 g( zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
4 k# u3 @( _( Qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 l) E; Z8 h9 |1 r7 l# J+ F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- G2 \% M8 ]# L) f7 [6 `$ G
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-# b" `9 l) {. o% w4 R
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. M$ S/ ~9 b1 y' d8 P. _9 |; wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 \% @$ D7 Y# m
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). G6 h1 t8 ^3 \. h% U" Z: u4 q
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ l) K( v! m, g! p0 _$ f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! d1 u! f! O" Y; ~, ]0 ^& X* r+ Rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: @# X( n4 d7 v" G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 w/ z# ]% c0 K0 D' @1 l$ Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 f; |2 n, o: q% u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 K- O  g  t3 u" p! D6 N. q8 z+ wconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  o- \% \; S9 z9 R4 `: y(prepubertal).
+ J( P& Q. ?3 R. _4 b; s9 SThe parents were notified about the laboratory6 e) Z/ [8 {" R+ n+ u7 ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were* N# c. B2 N. w2 `1 u: E) I) f) b
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 ~% A6 ^8 ^' J* m# u& }; Kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ {6 I; |8 V. e5 ?+ [! Y) l: @9 }
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: J, M: L0 S8 c0 l( ?& }6 O+ q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 n2 I6 S/ O8 N2 \, d5 ?$ q9 DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the: H: p# G; I- K" N# o$ H
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' m; x. u3 ~& `2 g$ }
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. s& `$ g: r8 Z. Z$ {unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! m5 X0 ?( x* c8 Q* X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& r9 R" c/ N- V; S" d8 fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 [0 e5 |5 O4 U0 r+ p" s$ cmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." Z5 D/ ^  ^8 \4 N9 f0 `( C
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 ]) L9 \2 k0 \) s$ r  j: D
ing frequent erections.
) i% W0 L! v% g2 Q( P& C7 sBoth parents were again questioned about use of- {2 S$ S: E  {( ~" V  C0 n% K9 k
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to& j# w" U# N5 |/ I% k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- C- y$ H9 I( w; l# B
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- c% ?. [$ ]- E/ i3 `8 puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; v$ M( N' E4 G( m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 _9 v8 ~: x: }5 p: Va year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 z. U9 z' p' D+ ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' E1 c* [" L, y+ |/ ]scribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ [0 K1 v8 |9 @1 T
secondary to depression.3 O0 I( B3 J* D& x4 p; D- j
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  `; w8 q8 g4 E+ n' b! {4 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ l: p% D0 H* a# {$ b3 `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- i, y: U, V3 [5 d  @! O; Cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 K) F0 p4 ?* @* p6 f1 ^$ }
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 Z( X8 D0 b7 O/ a" d3 D2 Twhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby! ^/ I, X( i. h% n) ^, U
was high, he then read the product information
( \& g7 R% ]- Q' s/ z! b& j; xpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' G5 `) s# u8 Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- O1 ]- l0 D* U+ q2 f. Z3 u, ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 Y* R: a7 G- A. K6 P' D, v/ mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had; H. |" Z  X5 _0 R  q/ }, F
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 L' c# |6 V) A0 o
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the: d8 W; L9 J2 G. @' s6 P* |  _
laboratory to obtain the test.) s4 `. f% }; l% v2 ?% T
Discussion
# H1 o2 Y5 L* p' _' L) J, rPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 t3 f3 g# L7 R, lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4- N  q! v+ d0 S+ k) E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- T5 k; B5 q: X- ^3 w& H: A
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ [" i" g9 |8 J" k# fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' r) V; l# r* @0 w  u8 W) M: v
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. ^1 J8 ?# ~. m4 ~( Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is% z! [4 S- G  w- {
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- w' b2 q# `! F6 m  K8 _6 W( Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 H4 z0 C4 ^- f5 h+ T# usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  L8 p' F+ S. Q6 A" p2 H4 @) P3 {boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% R4 B9 \7 y7 Q! y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 I9 _5 [0 R/ H. ?4 @( ~
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ ]# }& Y# J- P3 B6 vgonadotropins.1,3
  t6 @. I/ j9 C4 ^& N% Z9 |Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# Y9 Z! [& @4 {/ j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate. |7 n" m$ _# I* _- J/ M* }
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ w* D6 p3 h3 G, \6 @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( q- J& A( U* j. Y3 Aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ `3 _6 y& M. x) V4 p+ xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive+ h% z5 g) Z3 F  J% H0 G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( h( x- g& P( T. J. E! mpuberty in boys.3,4
- N/ D0 z* X. z7 ]The most common form of congenital adrenal
! a$ W$ _4 K6 j! _* Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
/ H$ a- ?6 f6 f; VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
+ i# P! b" M  L6 O9 Z! @  ^2 ?excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& {+ Y3 c: P9 r" Z- o) s! c
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( q8 h3 A2 }- w
excess.1,3
6 L: s9 j" k% L4 H5 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) k, r1 ~$ R2 H- v! X542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 {; ^: |+ u3 v5 A5 E# M+ O! \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 y/ r- a$ y; w6 C9 e* G. R
independent precocious puberty, which is also known  l* F5 }; E9 I9 v; F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' T( V: N% O2 z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys* Q( X; j! {. i" l0 ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 v+ T% C% m8 sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 U7 a; x$ M, P
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# o; k: U# v  R/ Q4 Q5 h1 g3 G- b8 Care suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  n9 }/ d1 B) }& B! v  ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# J1 K+ u% l, W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" w0 E! w0 Z. a1 i4 z( ?4 \
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 T* z8 y( m% I  ?" i
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 X: c0 {+ ^* wmay have similar precocious puberty.35 p# x- ^. c, h; T
In our patient, physical examination was incon-- f  @# G9 k3 g. K- K% `; l
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! S3 {& p1 Z) x, s- Xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; E" n3 z/ s/ Z, X% a' I7 u9 W; Q1 S
was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 s; m2 k( D$ w8 G( ^
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  I5 Z, R5 s( B+ k  f1 Xtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 B; [* K4 m5 f+ b! B0 o; J# X2 m
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* }) [/ E2 U7 Z! b& z7 r. K1 @7 native initial history of androgen exposure, our9 F" w! L& h4 I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 v) u; T, @, D+ k  Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( M6 j1 g8 S+ J/ C2 n9 X
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 Q  ?5 t/ t0 o5 R* {% O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' q% T. v0 n) [/ BThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  A( X0 b6 X% ]% s  f
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* q+ K+ h( ?4 P) g% M1 l1 V( ^& Y, Xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-# S& V/ X: V2 x' b# C
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! p- H; J4 h+ R  o/ }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
* b8 k$ c( V/ w. N  |terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 B. w0 \  y, z! d- P" t, eusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& O* Z, ]+ {, i5 FDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 X9 M2 H- ]5 n( S) G' {, o; j- ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! L/ o$ ], m& dunprotected females through direct skin exposure., \% X8 ~7 F9 n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 ?$ M0 W7 |, ^- E! ^4 I) z' Obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 }+ I$ @5 ~) M7 |% |2 Teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) j! h  s8 W8 b: x' {! B; h& m
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 C6 a9 ]5 Y, [) \5 }3 A% o' D
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! c' P. Y2 {# Z% g1 B. e$ l# NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 C5 \8 b3 q/ e5 _3 G1 A/ I
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( y" ?  S5 S+ Y) k
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" J" A5 [0 f! B: a6 u+ \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: D7 N! v' p& U- f! {
active in young children exposed to testosterone* |6 W* [0 \  h/ `7 o/ Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% W- u7 t6 \- d" L. \
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 S" }% _- t/ H
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, ?8 T2 |% Z7 p5 R' R7 B% t4 xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
( Z# x$ ?$ n- f/ ?- L- j' Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ e( ^3 y) f, c; E5 K, W
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 g2 i" A1 E3 u" w  Eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& W" E5 U' B) U( f/ m- u" fadult height are not fully known and always remain5 X, I; y/ K( @
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-1 g' y# h# o- a8 W) ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
* l7 Y4 e) Q# W1 h* g3 H1 J! [  pacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: n, P# j6 \7 v* h! c7 R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ A/ i# j% B+ }# R/ \0 S
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ K# S; {& S8 ?+ e8 ]: t, G
There are conflicting reports and controversy! [5 J7 N/ y1 `  W- H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 Q. H. L6 ^) H
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! V; p; A6 \# u6 eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( t0 z9 g& G& b6 Vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 f0 X7 e, A; N" d$ USutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 H  N! v8 E- V; C2 U$ X
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ F- k9 Z& o/ E0 \penile length in clinical studies.2 s% U9 }9 o. p! C5 |
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. h9 J4 X" L% N( e1 Q2 O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from1 M* L- e* D3 y# Z" @3 E( Q: W* S
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ u/ @9 u+ Y. v# cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& S+ G% M2 O3 _% w
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
; n& u4 ~6 Z; g5 i% cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
& T+ T  x3 z- }# b% Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ ^0 }( G1 T* u6 n3 G# n3 e2 M, ^
height will not be affected.( \/ Q- {3 K7 m1 l% U0 j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% _& ~; w9 j8 \' L! l8 X3 O) Q
ability of androgen products in our society may
, |( M2 _# K$ g7 M8 p9 pindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) P  r4 L$ m9 K! D: J( Nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! f5 m& R+ u$ q- ?
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 n7 [' b5 m' }: P1 w3 u
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or; ~  d* d6 }5 N) T9 x! r
gel should be asked of the family members during* u8 k5 G0 p: W7 k6 }$ s7 k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 x. M; ]" j  b  p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 m# n1 [) ]2 f
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* d: p+ b& K$ l' `$ C$ mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& B8 {1 b8 G) K0 O* @, ^history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& U# @+ Z+ C- O/ v7 G1 e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! e% g8 \. M) X3 v- g7 z# j( n/ kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be! L, d5 Z# d, T) `1 d( o) W0 e
aware of this fact, because most of these children3 o+ r2 _7 |' p& E) @& K
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# k) t0 U& w; Q7 IDesk Reference and package insert should also put a+ T2 A5 R2 i1 ]( Z" J& @* E, c7 K
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# \! K4 ~4 @' e) B# C$ Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-2 _: Q8 P, S. X
one using any of these products.
+ T0 W, e  ], X( I+ {, ^References
: N& Q  f+ i% L  }" x; d1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' J6 G/ @7 }7 v6 |9 O; J: ]& ^
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) z4 K. o% @2 T* R$ k. t1 o
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 o" ~9 R$ b" \* z" k' c
2002: 565-628.4 m% R5 G" s+ v0 `+ v0 {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, C# p7 v7 T4 q+ v2 k$ h/ G
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
  j* o: Y- d" i! v
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表